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Biology
Topic 5: Cell recognition and the immune system
Glossary
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Active immunity
=
immunity
which results from the production of antibodies by the immune system in response to an
antigen
Antibodies =
proteins
that bind to specific
antigens
on the surface of
pathogens
Antigen =
toxin
or other
foreign
substance which induces an
immune
response in the body
Antigen-antibody complex
= molecule formed from the binding of multiple antigens to antibodies, sometimes called an
immune complex
Antigen-presenting cell = a type of
white blood
cell that presents antigens to T
cells
Clonal selection
= process by which the body produces
B
and
T
cells to respond to infections
ELISA
test = laboratory technique that detects certain
antibodies
,
antigens
and other substances in
bodily fluid
Endocytosis
= process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a
vesicle
Heavy and light chains =
2
chains per antibody molecule
Herd immunity
= when a large proportion of a population is
vaccinated
, so that the disease cannot spread
HIV
positive
= damages cells in
immune system
weakening ability to fight infections
Immunity
= bodily power to resist an infectious disease
Lymphocyte
= type of
white blood cell
that helps the body's immune system to fight off pathogens
Lysosome
= A membrane-bound organelle that contains
hydrolytic
enzymes
Memory cells
= long-lived cells that can produce
antibodies
to a specific
antigen
Messenger
RNA = carries the information from
DNA
to
ribosomes
Monoclonal antibodies
=
antibodies
produced by a single clone of
B
cells
Murein = a
lipid
component of the cell wall of bacteria
Non-specific
= generalized response to pathogen infections involving the use of several white blood cells and
plasma
proteins
Passive immunity
= provided when a person is given
antibodies
to a disease rather than producing them through their
immune system
Pathogen = a
microorganism
that causes
disease
in a host organism.
Phagocyte
= type of cell that has the ability to ingest and sometimes digest
foreign
particles
Phagosome
=
vesicle
formed around a particle engulfed by a
phagocyte
via
phagocytosis
Plasma cells
= produce antibodies that are
specific
to a particular antigen
Polyclonal antibodies
=
antibodies
produced by many different
B
cells
Retrovirus = virus that uses
RNA
as its genetic material
Reverse transcriptase
=
enzyme
that makes a copy of the
RNA
strand into a
DNA
strand
Vaccine
=
dead
/
weakened
forms of a
pathogen
injected into an organism to stimulate an
immune
response