(4) Drainage Basin & The Water balance

• The different types of precipitation (rainfalls) are?

  Convectional rain, Relief rain and frontal rain
• A river's drainage basin is the area surrounding the river where the water (precipitation) flows into the river
• What is another term for a drainage basin?

  the river's catchment
• What is a drainage basin

  the area which surrounds a river where precipitation on the land flows into that river
• Drainage basin systems involve inputs, outputs, stores and flows
• Name the 6 stores of a drainage basin :

  1. interception
  2. vegetation storage
  3. surface storage
  4. soil moisture
  5. groundwater storage
  6. channel storage
• Name 10 flows of the drainage basin:

  1. infiltration
  2. overland flow
  3. throughfall
  4. stemflow
  5. throughflow
  6. percolation
  7. groundwater flow
  8. baseflow
  9. interflow
  10. channel flow
• The water balance shows the balance between inputs and outputs
• The water balance affects how much water is stored in the basin how much is lost
• What is channel storage?

  water which is held in rivers and streams
• What is interception?

  any type of temporary storage which holds water before it reaches the soil (like water captured by plants, buildings and hard surfaces)
• What type of system is a drainage basin on a local scale ?

  an open system
• How does water leave a drainage basin (outputs)?

  • evaporation
  • transpiration
  • evapotranspiration
  • river discharge
• What is the water balance equation?

   P = Q + E ± ∆S
• What does the ∆S stand for in the water balance equitation? P = Q + E + ∆S?

  ∆S = changes in storage
• What is infiltration?

  the process of water moving from above ground into the soil
• Overland surface flow is when water flows over the land surface
• One of the types of overland surface flows is sheet flow. What is sheet flow?

  Sheet flow is a layer of water on the surface
• What causes sheet flow to occour?

  excess surface flow from increased precipitation or when water cannot infiltrate quickly enough
• What type of flow is in the image:

  A) Sheet Flow

  
• One type of overland surface flow is channel flow. What is chanel flow?

  Channel flow is where water flows in small channels or rills (<30cm width or depth) in a defined stream pattern 
• What is throughfall?

  Rainfall that passes through vegetation and reaches the ground
• What is stemflow?

  The flow of water down the stem of a plant
• Name the two types of flows which rely on vegetation:

  A) throughfall

  B) stemflow

  
• What is throughflow?

  Movement of water through the soil layer
• What types of flows is this diagram showing?

  Overland surface flows

  
• What is percolation?

  The movement of water through porous materials eg coffee
• What is this experiment measuring:

  A) Percolation

  
• What is groundwater flow & baseflow?

  water that move through rocks
• What is the difference between groundwater flow and baseflow?

  Groundwater flow: the deep subsurface flow of groundwater

  Baseflow: delayed subsurface flow at shallow depth
• What types of flow is this diagram showing:

  A) baseflow

  B) groundwater

  
• What is interflow?

  the lateral movement of water in the unsaturated zone that returns to the surface or enters a stream
• What type of flow is the coverd:

  A) interflow

  
• What are all of the orange boxes:

  A) flows