Alcohol

• What are the three classifications of alcohols?

  Primary, secondary, and tertiary

  
• How is a primary alcohol defined?

  One carbon atom attached to -OH
• How is a secondary alcohol defined?

  Two carbon atoms attached to -OH
• How is a tertiary alcohol defined?

  Three carbon atoms attached to -OH
• Which alcohols can be oxidized with acidified K$_2Cr_2O_7$?


  Only primary and secondary alcohols
• What do primary alcohols oxidize to form?

  Aldehydes
• What do secondary alcohols oxidize to form?

  Ketones

  
• What happens to tertiary alcohols when oxidized with acidified K$_2Cr_2O_7$?


  They do not undergo oxidation
• What color change occurs when primary and secondary alcohols are oxidized?

  Orange to green

  
• What is the general formula of alcohols?

  C$_n$H$_{2n+1}$OH
• What is fermentation in alcohol production?

  A batch process using sugar and yeast
• What temperature range is optimal for fermentation?

  15 to 35°C
• What happens if the temperature is too low during fermentation?

  The reaction rate is low
• What happens if the temperature is too high during fermentation?

  The enzymes are denatured
• What concentration of alcohol kills the enzymes in yeast?

  Around 15%
• What is electrophilic addition in alcohol production?

  Reaction of steam with alkenes
• What is formed when alkenes undergo oxidation with cold, dilute KMnO$_4$?


  A diol
• What is a diol?

  A compound with two -OH groups
• What occurs in nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes?

  Halide atom is substituted by NaOH
• What do aldehydes reduce to?

  Primary alcohols

  
• What do ketones reduce to?

  Secondary alcohols

  
• What do carboxylic acids reduce to?

  Primary alcohols

  
• How are esters formed?

  By condensation reaction of alcohol and acid
• What happens during hydrolysis of esters?

  Carboxylic acid and alcohol are reformed
• What does the symbol [O] represent?

  Oxygen from an oxidizing agent
• What is the role of acidified K$_2Cr_2O_7$ in oxidation?


  It acts as an oxidizing agent
• What color change occurs with potassium dichromate during oxidation?

  Orange to green
• What is the result of oxidizing primary alcohols?

  Aldehydes and then carboxylic acids

  
• What is the result of oxidizing secondary alcohols?

  Only ketones

  
• What happens to aldehydes if not distilled off during oxidation?

  They oxidize to carboxylic acids
• What is the significance of distilling aldehydes during oxidation?

  To prevent further oxidation to acids
• What are carbonyl compounds?

  Compounds containing a C=O group
• What is the oxidation product of propan-2-ol?

  A ketone

  
• What is the role of acidified KMnO$_4$ in oxidation?


  It acts as an oxidizing agent
• What color change occurs with potassium manganate during oxidation?

  Purple to colorless
• What is the boiling point relationship between aldehydes and alcohols?

  Aldehydes have a lower boiling point
• What is the importance of the acidic medium in oxidation reactions?

  It provides hydrogen ions for reduction
• What happens to the oxidizing agent during oxidation?

  It gets reduced
• What is the effect of refluxing on aldehydes?

  It can oxidize them to carboxylic acids

  
• What is the significance of the C=O group in carbonyl compounds?

  It defines their chemical properties