RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Is the process of obtaining oxygen from the external environment and eliminating carbon dioxide. - respiration
• The oxidative processes within cells that produces ATP. - cellular respiration
• Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the organism and its environment. - external respiration
• Partial pressure is the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gasses.
• Effectiveness of diffusion is enhanced by vascularization.
• A process that involves breathing through the skin. Found to some degree in most amphibians, including those that are aquatic or have lungs. - cutaneous respiration
• Found in insects, consists of a network of small tubes that carries oxygen to the entire body. The respiratory and circulatory systems are separate. - tracheal system
• Primary respiratory organs of more complex aquatic animals. - gills or branchia
• Internal gills are found inside the body and are usually protected by a structure called operculum
• Exchange of substance between two fluids in opposite directions. It is observed in fishes. - countercurrent flow
• • Major respiratory organs for terrestrial animals. Lungs are localized organs that primarily function for gas exchange.
• Endow species with the ability to communicate vocally to one degree or another with other members of the species. - vocal cords
• Carry air in and out of your lungs. Usually about as long as the vertebrate neck, reinforced by cartilaginous rings or C-rings. - trachea
• Help moisturize the air you breathe and screen out foreign particles. Your airways are lined with cells that create mucus. Connect the lungs to the trachea. - bronchi
• Mammalian lungs have two lobes. Lungs have microscopic air sacs, called alveoli, where gas exchange actually takes place. - lungs
• A frog ventilates its lungs by positive pressure breathing which forces air down the trachea.
• Mammals ventilate their lungs by negative pressure breathing.
• The volume of air an animal inhales and exhales with each breath is called tidal volume
• • Most animals transport most of the O2 bound to special proteins called respiratory pigments

  –  hemocyanin - copper

  – hemoglobin - iron
• • Most O2 combines with hemoglobin in red blood cells to form oxyhemoglobin
• • Some CO2 combines with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin
  • CO binds to Hb as carboxyhemoglobin