Topic 9 respiration + reproduction in plants

• Petal


  coloured, flag like structures which attract insects, for insect polination
• Stamen


  the male reproductive part of a flower consisting of the anther and filament where pollen is produced
• Anther


  the part of a stamen that produces pollen.
• Filament

  thin stalk that supports the anther
• Carpel


  The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.
• Stigma


  sticky part at the top of style; adapted to capture pollen
• Style

  Connects stigma to the ovary
• Ovule


  Found inside the ovary; contains the egg cell.
• Ovary


  In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop.
• Pollen tube


  Grows out of the pollen grain and into the stigma: carries the pollen nucleus down to the egg cell
• What happens at the moment of fertilization?

  fertilization occurs when the bees are attracted to the flower by the petals and drop pollen on top of the stigma. The pollen then grows a pollen tube down the style into the ovary, to then reach the ovule to fertilze the egg.
• What are the characteristics of wind pollinated plants?

  - No flower: Doesn't need to attract animals to carry the pollen.- Feathery stigma: To catch pollen carried by the wind. - Long Anthers: Hang out of the flower so that their pollen can be carried by the wind.

  
• What are the characteristics of insect pollinated plants?

  - Flower: to attract insects, which will then pick up pollen.- Attractive Petals: pretty/ vibrant to attract insects- Sticky stigma: Sticks out of the plant to catch pollen. - Anther: More tucked into the plant as insects will come get the pollen.

  
• What animals can pollinate plants?

  Insects, flies, birds and bats.
• What are the two vessels of a plant?

  Xylem + Phloem
• Which vessel of a plant? Cells are dead, stacked on top of one another. They have a hollow cavity called the lumen, it is Uni-directional and flows only one way. carries water + minerals from roots -> leaves


  Xylem
• Which vessel of a plant? Cells are living, stacked on top of one anotherinvolved in transporting food substances (Glucose) made in the leaf to all other parts of the leaf.Bidirectional, (Can flow both ways) Carries glucose

  Phloem
• Why is the Pholem bidirectional

  Because during the winter when leaves fall off the plants, glucose needs to be stored elsewhere otherwise all the food for the plant leaving. Therefore glucose needs to be stored in other cells. Then when the plant begins growing again the glucose will need to flow back to the leaves. This will be via the phloem, this is why it needs to be bidirectional.
• How many Xylem + Phloem bundles are in each root.

  Only one in each root. Then they join up in the stem.
• What is the plural of many xylem and phloem bundles? When they join in the stem they are known as .....

  Vascular Bundles
• Does the xylem or the phloem face the plith of the stem.

  Xylem.
• Where does photosynthesis occur?

  In the chloroplasts of the palisade cells which are in the leaves. (As this is where light energy can activate the reaction.)
• What is a tissue

  Multiple cells of the same cell
• What is an organ?

  Multiple tissues
• How are leaves adapted for photosynthesis?

  - Thin- Wide + Flat- Have a network of vessels
• How do thin leaves increase the rate of photosynthesis?

  Allows gases to reach cells easily and for diffusion to take place easily.
• How do wide + flat leaves increase the rate of photosynthesis?

  this creates a large surface area to absorb as much light as possible.
• How does having a network of vessels increase the rate of photosynthesis?

  These carry water to the palisade cells and carry glucose away. They also support leaves.
• Leaf Structures + Functions It is a fatty lipid layer that prevents the evaporation of water in the leaf. This also keeps water inside the plant


  Cuticle
• Leaf Structures + Functions This is a gap in the cuticle at the bottom of the leaf. It is where the gases get in and out. CO2 in and O2 out. Gaurd cells on either side.

  Stomata
• Leaf Structures + Functions Keep the organs inside. These produce the cuticle. (Allows light through so that can reach the chloroplasts.)

  Epidermis cells
• Leaf Structures + Functions Allows air + diffusion to move easily. Also have chloroplasts + large spaces between them, to allow gases to move easily.


  Spongy mesophyll cells
• Leaf Structures + Functions The vessels in which water is transported from the roots to the leaf. Contains the xylem and the phloem.

  Vascular bundle
• Leaf Structures + Functions. Long, narrow cells, packed with chloroplasts, that are found in the upper region of a leaf and carry out photosynthesis.

  Palisade cells
• What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

  Carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
• What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

  6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
• What are the factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis?

  Water Light intensity Carbon Dioxide Temperature
• Why does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis

  - Because enzymes help us get from the reactants to products. - Enzymes catalyse reactions and at high temperatures they can risk being denatured and having theri active site changed.
• What is a limiting factor?

  The restricted/limited factor, controls how quickly photosynthesis occurs and so limits the rate. Can be: Light, carbon dioxide, temperature.
• What is cross pollination? transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of another flower on a different plant of the same species.