Late Geography

• What percentage of black Americans were under the poverty lines?

  1/3 by 1968
• How many black children lived under the poverty line?

  1/2 by 1968
• How many black Americans had low-status, low-skilled jobs?

  1/3
• How much more did white Americans earn in comparison to black Americans?

  Twice as much
• How much higher was black unemployment?

  Twice that of white Americans
• How many black people lived in neighbourhoods over 50% white?

  1/2 of the black population by 1992
• What rose over the late 1900s?

  The number of interracial marriages and cohabitants
• What percentage of black Americans continued to live in segregated areas in the 1990s?

  1/3 in segregated and poor inner-city ghettos
• What court case is an example of affirmative positive action?

  Griggs v Duke Power Company (1971)
• What was ruled in Griggs v Duke Power Company (1971)

  That the company's hiring tests discriminated against black employees
• What happened to schools in the later 1990s and onwards?

  They grew increasingly more segregated
• What part of education grew?

  The black educational prospects, partly due to affirmative action
• What percentage of black Americans were middle class?

  1/3 by 200
• What else developed by the 2000s?

  White backlash
• What aspect of the Government threatened the use of Affirmative action?

  An increasingly conservative Supreme Court
• What trend emerged from the 1970s onwards?

  Black Americans returning to the South and fewer moving North
• How many black Americans lived in the South by the early 2000s?

  57% lived in the South in 2010 - The highest percentage in 50 years
• How much did the black population of the South increase during the 1990s?

  By 3.6 million
• Why was there a greater move back to the South?

  The end of legal segregation and the transformation of the South since the original Great Migration
• What was a pull factor?

  Less de facto segregated society in housing and schools
• What did the percentage of Southern black children in segregated schools drop to during Nixon's presidency?

  1969-74, dropped from 68% to 8%
• When did desegregation in the South peak?

  In 1988 when 43% of black children attended a school with more than half white
• What was the ruling about desegregation of schools in the 1970s?

  Swann v Charlotte Mecklenburg (1971)
• What was the ruling of Swann?

  Stated it was time for the full implementation of school desegregation
• What is another pull factor?

  Many felt an affinity with the culture of the South
• What particularly pulled many back?

  Still having family within the South
• What is the name for the economic area of the South?

  The Sun Belt South
• Why did companies prefer to invest in the South?

  It had less powerful unions, cheaper land and tax breaks from the national/local government
• What was cheaper within the South?

  Groceries, bills and healthcare
• How much cheaper was Property in the South?

  The average Urban north home was $243,900 vs the $153,700 of the South
• What did a 1973 survey of returning migrants to Birmingham show?

  More than 1/2 moved back due to family reasons
• Why did the better climate draw more migrants to the South?

  Beaches drew in younger migrants and so called 'snowbirds' moved to escape colder winters
• Why could the Great Migration be seen as disappointing?

  Life in the North and Midwest was concentrated in poor ghettos with little opportunity and bad facilites
• How much did employment in manufacturing firms drop in Detroit?

  From 338,400 in 1947 to 153,300 in 1977
• How was de facto segregation less pronounced in the 'New South'?

  Racial violence was no longer a common method of social control and more black Americans held office in the South than any other region
• How did black Americans role in law enforcement improve?

  By 1992 they were quite well represented in police departments
• What continued despite black presence in police forces?

  racism in law enforcement and the legal system
• What was the percentage of road checks to stop/searches in Florida?

  In 1992 black drivers were only 5% of road checks but made up 70% of stop/searches
• What was the comparison between the population of black Americans vs prison population?

  They were 12% of the country's pop. but 50% of the prison pop.
• Why did the number of black officials grow?

  Congressional districts were drawn so black voters would be grouped together