skeletal system

Cards (39)

  • You will see many holes or openings in the skull. These openings are called foramina, and they allow the passage of blood vessels and nerves.
  • The occipital bone contains a large opening called the foramen magnum, which allows the spinal cord to exit the cranial cavity.
  • The external occipital protuberance is located on the occipital bone’s posterior surface. This protuberance is typically larger in males, and—like all other structures that stick out from a bone—it is the attachment point for a tendon to connect a muscle to the bone.
  • Inside the skull, the sphenoid bone forms another important structure called the sella turcica (“Turkish saddle”). The pituitary gland sits in this bony saddle, and the saddle’s broad bar helps protect the pituitary gland by surrounding it in bone.
  • In an adult, the spinal column is composed of 26 bones. It contains three types of vertebrae, the sacrum , and the coccyx. There are 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 1 sacrum, and 1
    coccyx.
  • The most common abnormal curvature is scoliosis. It is characterized by a lateral curvature of the spinal
    column, often in the thoracic region.
  • Improper heavy lifting compresses the intervertebral disks. The pressure of extra
    weight may cause one of these disks to bulge out laterally. This bulge may allow the
    softer matrix to ooze out. This condition is called a herniated disk. In common usage,
    this is often referred to as a ruptured or slipped disk. Depending on the direction
    of the bulge, a herniated disk can put pressure on the spinal cord or spinal nerves, causing severe pain.
  • Osteogenesis imperfecta, commonly called brittle bones, is a congenital defect in which the bones lack collagen fibers. With this defect, the bones are very brittle and break easily.
  • Rickets is a childhood disorder in which an inadequate amount of mineral crystals is deposited in the bone.
  • Hard mineral crystals to be deposited in the matrix. Hydroxyapatite, a calcium phosphate mineral salt, make the matrix hard.
  • Compact bone tissue is arranged in a series of osteons (Haversian
    systems) that appear as targets.
  • Osteocytes are mature osteoblasts that are found in spaces called lacunae arranged in circles around the central canal.
  • Bursitis is inflammation of the bursa.
  • Red bone marrow is found in the spaces of cancellous bone. This includes flat bones like the sternum, irregular bones like the vertebrae, and the epiphyses of long bones. It produces both red and white blood cells and platelets.
  • Yellow bone marrow is found in the marrow cavity of mature long bones. It does not produce blood cells, but it can convert back to red bone marrow in cases of extreme anemia. It is the fatty substance in the center of the bone.
  • Arthritis is an inflammation of a joint.
  • Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis. It is caused by the normal wear and tear of a joint or injury to the joint as the articular cartilage wears with age and becomes rough.
  • Crepitus is the creaking sound that may be heard during the movement of osteoarthritic joints.
  • Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that can happen to anyone at any age. The body’s own
    immune system attacks the structures of the joint.
  • Osteoporosis is a severe lack of bone density. It affects all bone but is more evident in cancellous bone. A diet deficient in calcium and vitamin D, lack of exercise, and diminished estrogen and testosterone due to aging are the major causes.
  • The sternum is a flat bone
    composed of three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process. Together, they serve as a protective plate for the heart and as an attachment site for the ribs.
  • Osteoblasts form new bones and add growth to existing bone tissue. Osteoclasts dissolve old and damaged bone tissue so it can be replaced with new, healthier cells created by osteoblasts.
  • total of 28 phalanges, combined left and right hands.
  • The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone when blood calcium levels are low.
  • Hyperuricemia, or excess uric acid in the blood, can cause
    this deposition of crystals in tissues and joints.
  • Congenital weakness, obesity, or repetitive stress can cause the foot ligaments to stretch, leading to a condition called flat feet or fallen arches. Here, the foot’s entire plantar surface comes in contact with the ground when standing.
  • Osteomyelitis is a bone infection that can reach the bone from the blood, from surrounding tissues, or from trauma that exposes the bone to a pathogen (such as a bacterium or fungus).
    • Irregular bones are also self-explanatory: They do not fit into any of the other categories.
    • Short bones are not longer than they are wide. These bones, which include wrist bones and proximal foot bones, are more cube-shaped.
    • Flat bones look like a sheet of modeling clay that has been molded over an object. It is just flat.
    • A bone is considered to be a long bone if it is longer than it is wide and it has clubby ends.
  • Sesamoid Bones look like sesame seeds. They grow in tendons where there is a lot of friction. Their presence helps protect the tendon from wear and tear as the tendon slides over a bony prominence.
  • cribriform plate consists of two depressions in the cranial cavity’s anterior floor. It is perforated with many holes. These holes allow nerve endings from the first cranial nerve to have access to the nasal cavity for the sense of smell.
  • The ethmoid bone also forms lateral bony ridges called conchae in the nasal cavity.
    • Scoliosis is characterized by a lateral curvature of the spinal column, often in the thoracic region.
    • Kyphosis, commonly called “hunchback,” is an exaggerated abnormal curvature of the thoracic vertebrae. It is associated with aging and osteoporosis.
    • Lordosis, commonly called “swayback,” is an exaggerated curvature of the lumbar vertebrae.
  • The vertebral foramen allows the spinal cord to pass through the vertebra.
  • Between each of the vertebrae is an intervertebral disk of softer matrix surrounded by fibrocartilage. The disks support the body weight and act as shock absorbers, cushioning the vertebrae from the impact of each footstep.
  • Improper heavy lifting compresses the intervertebral disks. The pressure of extra weight may cause one of these disks to bulge out laterally. This bulge may allow the softer matrix to ooze out. This condition is called a herniated disk. In common usage, this is often referred to as a ruptured or slipped disk.
  • The first, atlas, which has a very little body and a very large vertebral foramen for the spinal cord. Second comes the axis, which has a peg-like structure called the odontoid process or dens. It sticks through the large vertebral foramen of the atlas and provides a pivot point so that the atlas can rotate on the axis. This allows you to turn your head to the right or left.
  • thoracic vertebrae have smooth surfaces called costal facets
  • Hyoid Bone is a U-shaped bone found in the body’s anterior cervical region between the mandible and the larynx. This bone is unique because it is not attached to another bone. Forensic pathologists look for fractures here as an indication of strangulation.
  • The scapula contains the following three prominent lateral features: the acromion process articulates with the clavicle; the coracoid process is an attachment point for muscles by tendons; and the glenoid cavity is a smooth surface that articulates with the upper arm bone called the humerus.