Geog Paper Three

• negative reinforcement is the removal of an unpleasant stimulus. this encourages the behaviour.
• operant conditioning is behaviours that is influenced by its consequences. behaviour that is rewarded is likely to be repeated, whereas behaviour that is punished is not.
• some factors that influence health related decisions are: cost, wider impacts, relief from stress.
• the biomedical model is the perception that a state of health is defined as the absence of illness.
• the biopsychosocial model defines health as a combination of biological, social and social factors.
• griffiths' six components of addiction are: physical and psychological dependence (salience), tolerance, withdrawal, relapse, conflict, mood alteration
• the health belief model is comprised of 3 concept: perceived seriousness, susceptibility and a cost-benefit analysis.
• locus of control is the extent to which an individual believes that they have control over their own behaviour.
• external locus of control means individuals believe external forces determine what happens to them.
• internal locus of control means individuals believe they can control events through their actions.
• the theory of planned behaviour is comprised of: personal attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control.
• the self-efficacy theory is comprised of: mastery experiences, vicarious reinforcement, social persuasion, emotional state, likelihood of behavioural change.
• the transtheoretical model is comprised of 5 stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.
• life events are significant but infrequent events in an individuals life.
• daily hassles are the small, everyday problems that can cause stress and anxiety.
• role of workplace in stress: role conflict is when there is a conflict between the demands of the job.
• role of workplace in stress: the environment, such as noise and pollution, can cause stress.
• role of workplace in stress: level of control over work environment has an influence on an individuals stress.
• role of personality in stress: personality traits can influence how we respond to stress, type a/ hardy personalities are more likely to cope with stress well.
• physiological responses to stress: General Adaption Syndrome (GAS) is the process your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress.
• physiological response to stress: sympathomedullary (SAM) system is your bodies acute response to stress. fight/flight response.
• physiological response to stress: hypothlamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system is a response to chronic stress, hypothalamus releases CRF, pituitary glands detect it, release ACTH, stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol.
• physiological response to stress: limitations are gender differences, as women usually tend/ befriend, fight/flight is maladaptive- not useful now, GAS based on animals
• physiological response to stress: stress and ill health, the immune system is a defence against antigens, stress releases cortisol which weakens the immune system.
• physiological response to stress: stress and ill health- evaluation, support for stress on immune system- women with high stress are more likely to develop cervical cancer, short term enhanced immune response, long term damaged heart.
• smoking: biological approach: INITIATION= genetic predisposition to addiction, dopamine receptors, MAINTENANCE AND RELAPSE= role of dopamine, nicotine regulation, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.
• smoking: learning approach: INITIATION: role models, positive reinforcement, MAINTENANCE: negative reinforcement (removal of withdrawal symptoms), classical conditioning, association between sensory and nicotine effects, RELAPSE: classical conditioning, conditioned cues, self-efficacy.
• alcohol: cognitive approach: self-medication model: INITIATION: mitigation for current issue, use of substances for specific effects, MAINTENANCE: assumption of management of problem, stress relief, RELAPSE: counterproductive, increases stress levels, 'solving' problems causes relapse.
• alcohol: learning approach: operant conditioning: INITIATION: positive reinforcement, positive consequences (relaxation), increased dopamine, negative reinforcement, relief from stress, influence of role models. MAINTENANCE: negative reinforcement, relief from withdrawal symptoms, RELAPSE: reduction of withdrawal symptoms, negative reinforcement.
• gambling: cognitive approach: expectancy theory: INITIATION: cost-benefit analysis, MAINTENANCE: irrational thoughts, cognitive biases, illusions of control, exaggeration of ability, RELAPSE: recall bias, overestimation of success.
• The hydrosphere is all the water on the Earth's surface, such as lakes and seas, occasionally including clouds.