The Emergence of Psychology as a Science

• What are the two main roots of psychology?

  Philosophy and natural sciences
• What was the focus of William James's work?

  The adaptive functions of the mind and behavior
• How is the observation method described in research methods?

  Recording behavior without intervention
• What are the key contributions of philosophy and natural sciences to psychology?

  • Philosophy: Questions about mind and consciousness
  • Natural sciences: Understanding brain and body
  • Combined to establish psychology as a discipline
• How did philosophy contribute to psychology?

  It raised questions about the mind and consciousness
• Who are two early psychologists mentioned in the material?

  Wilhelm Wundt and William James
• What are the key contributions of Wundt and James to psychology?

  • Wundt: Established first psychology lab, structuralism, introspection
  • James: Focused on functionalism, adaptive functions, influenced educational and industrial psychology
• What role did natural sciences play in the development of psychology?

  They taught about the brain and body for research
• What does Empiricism focus on?

  Sensory experience and observation
• How did early psychologists utilize philosophy and natural sciences?

  They drew from both to form a new discipline
• What does Idealism suggest about reality?

  Reality exists primarily in the mind
• What is David Hume's key idea and its influence on psychology?

  Association of ideas; emphasized the role of experience
• What is the key idea of Constructivism?

  Social construction of knowledge
• How did William James influence educational psychology?

  By focusing on adaptive functions of the mind
• What method did Wundt emphasize in his studies?

  Introspection
• What key idea is associated with Wilhelm Wundt?

  Structuralism
• What impact did William James have on industrial psychology?

  Influenced through his focus on adaptive functions
• In what year was the first psychology laboratory established?

  1879
• What type of research method is experiments?

  Quantitative
• What became essential in the development of research methods in psychology?

  Standardized procedures, objectivity, and empirical evidence
• What is the purpose of experiments in research methods?

  Manipulating variables to find cause-and-effect
• Who are the key philosophers mentioned and their contributions?

  • René Descartes: Dualism, innate ideas
  • John Locke: Empiricism, tabula rasa
  • David Hume: Association of ideas, skepticism
• What did the shift from philosophy to empirical science transform psychology into?

  A scientific discipline
• What type of research method are surveys classified as?

  Both Qualitative and Quantitative
• How did the establishment of psychology laboratories differ from naturalistic observations?

  Laboratory settings provided greater control to manipulate variables and establish cause-and-effect relationships
• Who advocated for the observation of behaviors in psychology?

  William James
• What are the key ideas and focuses of the major learning theories?

  • Behaviorism: Learning through stimulus-response; focuses on observable behaviors.
  • Cognitivism: Emphasizes mental processes and memory; focuses on internal thought.
  • Constructivism: Centers on social construction of knowledge; focuses on active learning and self-discovery.
  • Connectivism: Involves learning in digital networks; focuses on connections and information sharing.
• Who pioneered experimental psychology?

  Wilhelm Wundt
• What are the key philosophical approaches that shaped early psychology?

  • Rationalism
  • Empiricism
• What are the five major learning theories?

  Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Constructivism, Connectivism
• What are the characteristics of philosophical approaches in psychology?

  • Based on logic and speculation
  • Used introspection to understand the mind
  • Focused on deductive reasoning
  • Limited by subjective interpretations
• What are the key differences between philosophical psychology and empirical psychology?

  | Feature | Philosophical Psychology | Empirical Psychology |

  | --- | --- | --- |

  | Approach | Speculation and logic | Experiments and observation |

  | Focus | Understanding the mind | Analyzing behavior |

  | Method | Introspection | Data collection and analysis |

  | Reasoning | Deductive | Inductive |

  | Objectivity | Low | High |
• What is René Descartes' key idea and its influence on psychology?

  Dualism; focused on the mind's structure
• What was the significance of the first psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt?

  It marked the shift from philosophical thought to empirical science
• What methods are used in Cognitivism?

  Visual tools, memory strategies
• How did the establishment of psychology laboratories help formalize psychology as a scientific discipline?

  It led to the use of empirical research methods like experiments and systematic observation
• What does Behaviorism focus on?

  Observable behaviors
• Which modern approaches were shaped by historical figures and methods?

  Cognitive, behavioral, and humanistic psychology
• What method is commonly used in Behaviorism?

  Drill, reinforcement
• Who established the first psychology laboratory?

  Wilhelm Wundt