AP Psychology - Learning and Memory

• Learning


  Due to experience.Must result in a change of behavior.
• Habituation


  We lose sensitivity to repeated stimulus, even if the stimulus changes.
• Associatve Learning


  We learn that certain events occur together.
• Classical Conditioning


  ex: (popcorn and movies)We associate two stimuli together to anticipate events. We associate a behavior with a good or bad result.
• Unconditioned stimulus


  Whatever stimulus originally caused the reaction. ex: (dogs drooling to FOOD)
• Unconditioned response


  What the response is to the stimulus. ex: (drooling)
• Conditioned stimulus


  What the response is to the thing that suggests he original thing desired. ex: (drooling)
• Conditioned Response


  The response to the conditioned stimulus.ex: (drooling to the bell)
• Acquisition


  The initial learning of behavior.
• Higher-order conditioning


  Changing the stimulus with the same result ex: (change the bell to a light, dog still drools)
• Extinction


  Over time you stop responding to the stimulus
• Spontaneous recovery


  Sometimes, you haven't had the response for a long time when suddenly you get the response again.
• Generalization


  Show Conditioned Response to similar stimuli to the conditioned stimulus ex: (dogs drool to door bell - similar to bell)
• Discrimination


  Only show the Conditioned Response to the conditioned stimulus (learn to distinguish)
• Cognitive Processes & Classical Conditioning

  Learned helplesness. Ex: alcohol and nauseating drug.
• Biological predispositions

  genetic predisposition to responseunconditioned responsesadaptive responses
• Psychological response

  Previous experiences. Predictability. Generalization. Discrimination.
• Social-Cultural


  Culturally learned preferences.
• Taste Aversion


  Learn to associate a food with a bad experience. Evolution.
• Operant Conditioning


  Associate a behavior with a good or bad result.
• Shaping


  Reinforce each step (successive approximation) toward desired behavior.
• Chaining


  Linked behaviors together into a routine.
• Successive approximation


  Steops toward sequence (chaining)
• Primary reinforcer


  unlearned ex: (hunger > eating)
• Conditioned reinforcer


  learned through associationex: (paycheck = good)
• Positive Reinforcement

  INCREASES response by PRESENTING a positive stimulusex: (give doggie a treat)
• Negative Reinforcement

  INCREASES response by REMOVING negative stimulusex: (taking away final exams from seniors for getting A's)
• Fixed - Ratio Schedule


  Reinforcement after a set or fixed number of behaviors occur
• Fixed - Interval Schedule

  Reinforcement after a set or fixed amount of time
• Variable - Ratio Schedule


  *best for long lasting behavior changeReinforcement after different numbers of behaviors. ex: (casinos)
• Variable - Interval Schedule

  Reinforcement after different amounts of time.
• Punishment


  Supresses behavior > not forgotten. Teaches discrimination. Teaches fear. May increase aggressiveness.
• Positive Punishment


  DECREASE behavior by PRESENTING bad stimulusex: (give a detention)
• Negative Punishment


  DECREASE behavior by REMOVING good stimulusex: (take away car keys)
• Latent Learning


  Learning not known until there is motivation to demonstrate it.
• Cognitive Map


  Mental representation of environment.
• Insight Learning


  problem solving
• Intrinsic Motivation


  Internal desire to perform behavior
• Extrinsic Motivation


  Need reward or punishmen to perform behavior.
• Prosocial effects from observational learning

  Role models - model helpful behaviors and nonviolenceConsistency is key