Social class

• Social class poor housing conditions

  Douglas

  poorer housing can affect pupils achievement both directly and indirectly - overcrowding
• Social class diet

  Howard

  young people from poorer backgrounds have lower intakes of energy and nutrition- lowers concentration and can lead to illness and so more absences
• Social class ADHD

  Wilkinson

  among 10 year olds, the lower the social class, the higher the rate of hyperactivity, anxiety which are likely to negatively impact their education
• Social class externalising behaviour

  Blanden and Machin

  children from low income families were more likely to engage in externalising behaviour such as fighting and temper tantrums which are likely to disrupt their schooling
• Social class cost of free school

  Bull

  lack of financial support means pupils are unable to afford uniform and school trips that will enhance their achievement
• Social class cost of education

  Smith and Nobel

  poverty acts as a barrier- unable to afford private schools or tutoring
• Social class jobs

  Ridge

  children in poverty take on jobs such as babysitting which have a negative impact on schoolwork
• Social class debt averse

  Callender and Jackson

  working class students are debt averse - saw more costs to go to uni despite the fact that graduates earn £250,000 to £500,000 more than non graduates on average
• Social class debt

  National union of students

  found only 43% of those from lower classes received financial support from home + a fear of debt can explain why only 30% of uni students come from a working class background
• Social class local uni

  Reay

  working class students were more likely to apply to local unis so they can live at home and save on cost - gives less opportunity to go Russell group unis
• Social class drop out rates

  National Audit office

  working class students spent twice as much time in paid work to reduce their debt as middle class students- highlights potential concerns to achieving a degree
• Social class less likely to visit school

  Hubbes and Tait

  wc parents visited schools less often and so less likely to discuss progress with teachers-lower levels of attainment compared to mc
• Social class

  Wc parents do not visit schools not because they do not care but because they often have jobs and shifts that are not changeable
• Social class Instant and Deferred gratification

  Sugarman

  instant gratification - encourages wc students to leave school early to earn money immediately rather than staying on to gain higher level qualifications for a higher paid job

  deferred gratification - mc students stay on at school as they know that higher qualifications lead to higher paid jobs