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• They wish to proceed on a plan diametrically opposite to that which Rousseau has recommended with all the deluding charms of eloquence and philosophical sophistry.
• Renowned Renaissance noblewoman Christine de Pisan has the modern reputation of being perhaps the first feminist.
• All wives of artisans should be very painstaking and diligent if they wish to have the necessities of life.
• The wife herself should also be involved in the work to the extent that she knows all about it.
• Three things drive a man from his home: a quarrelsome wife, a smoking fireplace, and a leaking roof.
• The Protestant reformers favored clerical marriage and opposed monasticism and the celibate life.
• Protestants opposed the popular anti-women and antimarriage literature of the Middle Ages.
• Protestants praised woman in her own right, but especially in her biblical vocation as mother and housewife.
• Protestants stressed, as no religious movement before them had ever done, the sacredness of home and family.
• The ideal of the companionate marriage was the husband and wife as coworkers in a special God-ordained community of the family, sharing authority equally within the household.
• This led to an expansion of the grounds for divorce in Protestant lands as early as the 1520s.
• The reformers were more willing to permit divorce and remarriage on grounds of adultery and abandonment than were secular magistrates, who feared liberal divorce laws would lead to social upheaval.
• Renegade nuns wrote exposes declaring the nunnery was no special woman’s place at all and that supervisory male clergy made their lives as unpleasant and burdensome as any abusive husband.
• Women in the higher classes found in Protestant theology a religious complement to their greater independence in other walks of life.
• Some cloistered noblewomen, however, protested the closing of nunneries, arguing that the cloister provided them a more interesting and independent way of life than they would have known in the secular world.
• Education also gave some women roles as independent authors on behalf of the Reformation.
• Family life was under a variety of social and economic pressures in the 16th and 17th centuries.
• The canonical, or church-sanctioned, age for marriage remained 14 for men and 12 for women.
• After the Reformation, both Protestants and Catholics required parental consent and public vows in church before a marriage could be deemed fully licit.
• A later marriage was also a shorter marriage.
• Marriage tended to be “arranged” in the sense that the parents met and discussed the terms of the marriage.
• The best marriage was one desired by both the bride and groom and their families.
• The Western European family was conjugal, or nuclear, consisting of a father and a mother and two to four children who survived into adulthood.
• Early birth control measures, when applied ,were not very effective, and for both historical and moral reasons, the church opposed them.
• The practice of wet nursing was popular among upper-class women and reflected their social standing.
• Wet nursing also had a contraceptive effect (about 75% effective).
• A well-apprenticed child was a self-supporting child, and hence a child with a future.
• The roots of belief in witches are found in both popular and elite culture.
• In the late 13th century, the church declared its so-called magic to be not that of the occult, but the true powers invested in them by the Christian God.
• Rousseau’s powerful presentation and the influence of his other writings gave them new life in the late 18th century.
• She placed herself among the philosophes and broadened the agenda of the enlightenment to include the rights of women as well as those of men.
• To identify, try, and execute witches became a demonstration of absolute spiritual and political authority over a village or a town.
• Still, with few exceptions, women were barred from science and medicine until the late 19th century.
• Popular belief in magical power was the essential foundation of the witch hunts.
• The contribution of Christian theologians was equally great in the witch hunts.
• By the early 18th century, it had become a fundamental assumption of European intellectual life that the pursuit of knowledge about nature was a male vocation.
• Between 1400 and 1700, courts sentenced an estimated 70000 to 100000 people to death for harmful magic and diabolical witchcraft.
• Rousseau achieved a vast following among women in the 18th century.
• The disruptions created by religious division and warfare were major factors in the witch hunts.
• Rousseau set forth a radical version of the view that men and women occupy separate spheres.