Tfn

• Nurses are licensed health care professionals engaged in the practice of providing nursing care both interdependently and independently.
• Nursing is derived from the Latin word ‘nutricia, nutriz, nutrire’ meaning ‘to nurse’, ‘to nourish’, ‘to cherish’.
• Florence Nightingale defined nursing in her “Environmental Theory” as the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery in 1860.
• Hildegard Peplau introduced her Theory of Intrapersonal Relations that puts emphasis on the nurse-client relationship as the foundation of nursing practice in 1952.
• Virginia Henderson conceptualized the nurse’s role as assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs in 1960.
• Faye Abdellah published her work “Typology of 21 Nursing Problems” that shifted the focus of nursing from a disease-centered approach to a patient-centered approach in 1962.
• Ida Jean Orlando emphasized the reciprocal relationship between patient and nurse and viewed the professional function of nursing as finding out and meeting the patient’s immediate need for help in 1968.
• Dorothy Johnson pioneered the Behavioral System Model and upheld the fostering of efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the patient to prevent illness in 1970.
• Martha Rogers viewed nursing as both science and an art as it provides a way to view the unitary human being, who is integral with the universe in 1971.
• When the flexible Line of Defense is no longer capable of protecting the client/client system, against an environmental stressor, the stressor breaks through the normal Line of Defense.
• Environment is defined as being all the internal and external factors that surround or interact with person and client.
• Neuman considers her work as a wellness model, viewing the continuum of wellness to illness as dynamic in nature and constantly subject to change.
• The Systems Model presents the concept of person as a client/client system that may be an individual, family, group, community or social issue.
• Nursing is a unique profession that requires a holistic approach, considering all factors affecting a client’s health and aiming to promote optimal wellness to its client through retention, attainment, or maintenance of the stability of client’s system.
• The client system moves toward wellness when more energy is available than is needed.
• Nursing consists of intervention modalities of prevention which can be primary, secondary, or tertiary.
• A nurse helps different levels of clientele: individual, family, and groups in achieving and maintaining an optimal wellness through intervention with the goal of reducing stress factors and its adverse effects to the optimal functioning of an individual in any given situation.
• Each layer of the person consists of five person variable or subsystems: physiological, psychological, socio-cultural, spiritual, and developmental.
• The client system moves toward illness and death when more energy is needed than is available.
• Dorothea Orem states in her theory that nursing care is required if the client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs in 1971.
• Imogene King's Theory of Goal attainment states that the nurse is considered part of the patient’s environment and the nurse-patient relationship is for meeting goals towards good health in 1972.
• Empiricism is based on the central idea that scientific knowledge can be derived only from sensory experience.
• Brown emphasized science as a process of continuing research rather than a product focused on findings and set forth a new epistemology challenging the empiricist view proposing that theories play a significant role in determining what the scientist observes and how it is interpreted.
• Foucault published his analysis of the epistemology (knowledge) of human sciences from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century and stated that empirical knowledge was arranged in different patterns at a given time and in each culture.
• Early 20th Century views focused on the analysis of theory structure and empirical research.
• The concepts of the metaparadigm include person, environment, health, and nursing.
• Deductive Inquiry uses the theory then research approach.
• Inductive Inquiry uses the research then theory approach.
• Reynolds labeled the approach of deriving scientific knowledge from sensory experience as the theory-then-research strategy.
• Positivism, a term first used by Comte, emerged as the dominant view of modern science and is rooted in the idea that empirical facts exist independently of theories and offer the only basis for objectivity in science.
• The metaparadigm specifies the main concepts that encompass the subject and the scope of a discipline.
• The Structure of Nursing Knowledge utilizes in its practice a well-defined and well-organized body of specialized knowledge on the intellectual level of the higher learning.
• Francis Bacon is recognized for popularizing the basis for the empiricist approach to inquiry and for believing that scientific truth was discovered through generalizing observed facts in the natural world.
• In the inductive method, it is important not to end the observations too soon and arrive at a premature conclusion that is faulty.
• The inductive method, based on the idea that the collection of facts precedes attempts to formulate generalizations, is labeled by Reynolds (1972) as the research then theory strategy.
• Betty Neuman states in her theory that many needs exist, and each may disrupt client balance or stability in 1979.
• Betty Neuman was born in 1924 on a farm near Lowell, Ohio and was the pioneer of nursing involvement in mental health.
• Man is a composite of the interrelationship of the four variables (biological, psychological, socio-cultural and developmental) which are at all times present, according to Betty Neuman’s theory.
• Each client/client system has evolved a normal range of responses to the environment that is referred to as a normal Line of Defense, according to Betty Neuman’s theory.
• The normal Line of Defense can be used as a standard from which to measure health deviation, according to Betty Neuman’s theory.