features of science

• What are the features of science mentioned in the study material?

  Objectivity, empirical method, replicability, falsifiability
• What does the term 'science' derive from?

  Latin word 'scientia' meaning knowledge
• Why do some psychologists adopt a scientific approach?

  To gain understanding, prediction, and control
• What is a paradigm according to Thomas Kuhn?

  A set of assumptions uniting scientists in a field
• How does Kuhn characterize psychology in terms of maturity as a science?

  He regards psychology as a 'pre-science'
• What is a paradigm shift?

  A replacement of one paradigm with another
• How does Kuhn's view of scientific advancement differ from Popper's?

  Kuhn emphasizes revolutionary paradigm shifts
• What type of data do scientists prefer according to the study material?

  Empirical data from direct sensory experience
• What does the cognitive approach in psychology use to collect empirical data?

  Experiments like the primacy-recency effect
• What is a challenge in defining human behavior in psychology?

  Some behaviors are difficult to operationalize
• What does falsification mean in scientific theory development?

  Showing that a theory can be proven false
• Who is associated with the concept of falsification?

  Karl Popper
• What is objectivity in the context of science?

  Making observations without researcher bias
• What does replicability in research involve?

  Repeating research to check consistency
• What are the possible features of a scientific study as described in the exam question?

  • Measuring levels of hormones
  • Use of saliva samples
  • Sample of 40 participants
  • Prediction based on theory
  • Statistical testing
• What is a paradigm in the context of psychology?

  A set of shared assumptions about behavior
• What does a shift in paradigms lead to?

  A scientific revolution in understanding
• How did the focus of psychologists change from the 1960s to recent times?

  From free will to biological and cognitive processes
• What is the significance of the cognitive revolution in psychology?

  It marked a shift towards cognitive neuroscience
• What is the role of empirical methods in scientific psychology?

  To provide factual, verifiable measures
• What is the importance of operational definitions in psychology?

  They allow precise measurement of concepts
• How can a theory be amenable to scientific testing?

  It must be possible to support or refute it
• What is the significance of sample size in psychological research?

  A larger sample increases reliability of results
• What is the relationship between free will and determinism in psychology?

  Free will emphasizes choice, determinism emphasizes causes
• What does the term 'deterministic thinking' refer to in psychology?

  Belief that behavior is determined by factors
• What is the significance of statistical testing in psychological research?

  It helps validate or refute hypotheses
• How does the humanistic approach differ from other psychological approaches?

  It rejects the need for empiricism
• What is the role of theory construction in scientific psychology?

  To provide frameworks for understanding behavior
• What is the importance of hypothesis testing in psychology?

  It allows for predictions to be tested scientifically
• What does the term 'operational prediction' refer to?

  Making testable predictions based on theory
• What is the significance of the Multi Store Model of Memory?

  It explains short-term and long-term memory stores
• What is the role of empirical methods in validating psychological theories?

  They provide objective evidence for theories
• How does the study of aggression relate to biological factors?

  It examines hormone levels like testosterone
• What is the significance of the sample in the aggression study?

  It includes both aggressive and non-aggressive males
• What is the purpose of statistical analysis in the aggression study?

  To determine differences in testosterone levels
• What does the term 'scientific revolution' imply in psychology?

  A major shift in understanding psychological concepts
• How does the study of psychology reflect the features of science?

  It uses empirical methods and objective measures
• What is the significance of the empirical method in psychological research?

  It ensures data is gathered through observation
• What does the term 'theory capable of refutation' mean?

  A theory that can be proven false through evidence
• How does the humanistic approach view empirical data?

  It rejects the necessity of empirical data