inferential statistics

• What do probability and significance involve in statistical testing?

  Use of statistical tables and critical values
• What are Type I and Type II errors?

  Errors in hypothesis testing
• What factors affect the choice of statistical test?

  Level of measurement and experimental design
• Which tests should students know when to use?

  Spearman’s rho, Pearson’s r, and others
• What is the sign test used for?

  Statistical testing
• What do inferential statistical tests determine in psychology?

  Likelihood of results due to chance
• How do researchers assess if results are due to chance?

  By calculating probability
• What is the usual level of significance in psychology?

  0.05 or 5%
• What does a significance level indicate?

  Probability of results due to chance
• What happens if p is less than or equal to 0.05?

  Reject the null hypothesis
• What does a p value greater than 0.05 indicate?

  Accept the null hypothesis
• When is a 0.1% significance level used?

  In important research to minimize chances
• What is a Type I error?

  Null rejected, experimental accepted incorrectly
• What is a Type II error?

  Null accepted, experimental rejected incorrectly
• What is homogeneity of variance?

  Similar deviation of scores between sets
• What is the normal distribution shape?

  Bell-shaped symmetrical curve
• What should be considered when choosing a statistical test?

  Test of difference or association required
• What is the Chi-Squared test used for?

  Nominal data with independent cases
• What does the degrees of freedom formula calculate?

  Rows multiplied by columns minus one
• What is required to find significance in statistical tests?

  Compare calculated value to critical value
• What does a calculated value greater than the critical value indicate?

  Significance in tests like Pearson and Chi-squared
• What does a calculated value less than the critical value indicate?

  No significance in tests like Wilcoxon
• What are the criteria for using parametric tests?

  1. Data of interval status
  2. Normal distribution of sample data
  3. Similar variances (homogeneity of variance)
• What are the differences between parametric and non-parametric tests?

  Parametric Tests:

  • More powerful and sensitive
  • Use all information available

  
  

  Non-parametric Tests:

  • Simpler and quicker to compute
  • Use rank order of scores
• What are the types of statistical tests based on design and measurement level?

  Tests of Difference:

  • Independent design: t-test, Chi-squared
  • Related design: Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney

  
  

  Tests of Association/Correlation:

  • Spearman’s rho, Pearson’s r
• What is the process for interpreting findings from statistical tests?

  1. Compare calculated value to critical value
  2. Determine significance based on comparison
  3. Identify if results are due to chance or manipulation
• What is the significance of the p-value in hypothesis testing?

  • p ≤ 0.05: Reject null hypothesis
  • p > 0.05: Accept null hypothesis
• What should students practice for the exam regarding statistical tests?

  • Drawing the choice chart
  • Picking appropriate tests based on criteria
  • Finding significance using calculated and critical values
• What symbols are used to distinguish participants in statistical tests?

  N1 and N2
• What is used instead of N in the Chi squared test?

  Degrees of freedom
• How is degrees of freedom calculated?

  (No: of rows - 1) x (No: of columns - 1)
• What does degrees of freedom represent in a statistical test?

  Number of independent values in a calculation
• What is the calculated value compared to in statistical tests?

  Critical value
• What must the calculated value be for significance in Spearman, Pearson, Chi squared, Related t Test, and Unrelated t Test?

  Greater than the critical value
• What must the calculated value be for significance in Wilcoxon, Mann Whitney, and Sign tests?

  Less than the critical value
• What are the steps to find significance in statistical tests?

  1. Calculate the value
  2. Compare to critical value
  3. Determine if significant
  4. Accept or reject hypothesis
• What is the significance level mentioned for statistical tests?

  5%
• What should you state when concluding a statistical test?

  Whether to accept or reject the hypothesis
• What are the steps for conducting a Sign Test?

  1. Assign signs to score pairs
  2. Count + and - signs
  3. Calculate N (number of signs)
  4. Compare calculated S to critical value
  5. State conclusion based on significance
• What is the aim of the class experiment on mobile phone operating systems?

  To compare ratings of IOS and Android