Alkyl halides

• Methanol (CH3OH) has one carbon atom, while ethanol (C2H5OH) has two carbon atoms.
• Geometry of methyl chloride is Tetrahedral with bond angle 109°
• Formula of Thionyl halide is SOX2.
• Reactivity order of halogen acid is HI>HBr>HCl
• Alkyl halide is prepared by reacting alcohol with Hydrogen chloride anhydrous zinc chloride is used as a catalyst
• Alkyl halide is prepared by reacting alcohol with thionyl chloride in the presence of Pyridine as a catalyst.
• Typical reagent for OH is NaOH and KOH
• Typical reagent for SH is KSH
• Typical reagent of CN is NaCN
• Typical reagent of CH3-COO is CH3-COONa
• Typical reagent of CH3-CH2-O is CH3-CH2-ONa
• Typical reagent of NaNH2 is NaNH2
• Thiol is also called Mercaptan
• R-COOR is the formula of Ester
• R-O-R is the formula of Ether
• R-NH2 is the formula of Primary amine
• SN1 mechanism is a bi-step reaction
• SN1 is unimolecular reaction
• SN1 involves the formation of Carbocation intermediate in the 1st step
• SN1 mechanism is carried in tertiary alkyl halides
• Ordet of reaction for SN1 reaction is 1st
• Rate of reaction on SN1 depends only on the conc. of substrate
• In SN1, first step is the slow and rate determining step.
• In SN1, the second step is fast.
• SN2 mechanism is bimolecular single step reaction.
• SN2 mechanism is carried in primary alkyl halides and methyl halides
• Order of reaction for SN2 is 2nd
• Rate of reaction of SN2 mechanism depends upon conc. of both substrate and attacking nucleophile
• Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions takes place in aqueous medium while Elimination reaction takes place in alcoholic medium.
• Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction is favoured by polar medium while elimination reaction is favoured by non polar medium
• E1 reaction is unimolecular and bi-step.
• E2 is bimolecular and single step reaction
• In the first step of E1, halogen atom departs forming carbocation intermediate which is slow and rate determining step
• In the 2nd step of E1, base abstraxt halogen atom from the carbon next to halogenated carbon and as a result double bond between both carbon is formed
• In E1, rate of reaction depends only on the concentration of reactants not on the conc. of base
• In E2 rate of reaction depends upon the conc. of both substrate and attacking base
• Organic compounds that contain at least one halogen atom bonded to an alkyl group are called haloalkanes.
• Monohaloalkanes are usually called alkylhalides represented by R-X
• General formula of monohaloalkanes is CnH2n+1X
• 1-bromopropane is a primary alkyl halide