Depression

• Unipolar depression: the person has a constant low mood
• Bipolar depression: constant manic highs and lows
• Behavioural symptoms of unipolar depression:

  • anhedonia
  • poor hygiene
  • weight change
• Emotional symptoms of unipolar depression:

  • loss of enthusiasm
  • worthlessness
  • depressed mood
• Cognitive symptoms of unipolar depression:

  • reduced concentration
  • thoughts of death
  • poor memory
• Behavioural symptoms of bipolar depression:

  • high energy levels
  • reckless behaviour
  • talkative
• Emotional symptoms of bipolar depression:

  • elevated mood
  • irritability
  • lack of guilt
• Cognitive symptoms of bipolar depression:

  • irrational thinking
  • delusions
• Who invented the cognitive triad?

  Beck
• The cognitive triad explains that depression is caused by negative thoughts about?

  Self, world, and future.
• McIntosh & Fischer (2000) - tested negative triad and found no clear separation of negative thoughts, but a one-dimensional negative view of the self. All 3 parts of the triad are unnecessary
• Whio invented the ABC model?

  Ellis
• What does the ABC model stand for?

  A - Activating event (internal or external)

  B - Beliefs about the event (rational or irrational)

  C - Consequence (positive, negative functional, negative dysfunctional)
• Genetic explanation:

  Wender et. al (1986) - adopted children with depression were more likely to have a biological parent with depression
• Behavioural explanation: depression is learned through lack of positive reinforcement or SLT

  Coleman (1986)— individuals with low rates of positive reinforcement in social situations became non-responsive, resulting in low moods
• What does REBT stand for?

  Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
• What is REBT?

  A form of CBT that tries to turn negative thoughts positive
• Research for REBT:

  David et. al (2008) - REBT has a better outcome than any other treatment
• Strengths of CBT:

  • few side effects
  • most effective treatment for severe depression
  • good therapist = good outcome
• Weaknesses of CBT:

  • is depression caused by fault cognitions or does depression cause faulty cognitions?
  • therapist effects
  • unsuitable for those who find it hard to talk about their feelings
• What is electroconvulsive treatment?

  The brain is electrically stimulated, increasing sensitivity to serotonin in the brain. Only used when other treatments have failed
• Research supporting electroconvulsive treatment:

  Fenton et al (2006) - combining CBT with ECT may be most effective
• What are some examples of drugs that treat depression?

  Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitirs (SSRIS), tricyclis, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
• Research against drug treatment:

  Derubles et al (1999) - compared CBT and antidepressants finding CBT is more effective
• Evaluation of drug treatment:

  Drugs are more easily accessible and cheaper, but relapse is more common