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• Opiates are a subset of drugs derived naturally from the opium poppies.
• Opioids are a broader category that includes both synthetic and semi-synthetic substances that bind to opioid receptors to provide pain relief, and includes the opiates.
• All opioids are not opiates, for example, fentanyl, codone, hydrocodone.
• Opiates are a class of drugs that derive from/mimic the substances found in the opium plant.
• Opiates work in the brain to produce a variety of effects, including being a pain reliever.
• Opium is made of the dried latex of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) and contains alkaloids.
• Morphine affects the body's central pain response in the brain, causing common side effects such as feeling dizzy, drowsiness, constipation and weight loss, and more serious side effects such as blurred vision, chest pains, difficulty breathing, constricted pupils, fever, muscle pain or spasms and severe sleepiness.
• Long-term users of morphine build a tolerance to the drug due to the opiate receptors undergoing changes to become less sensitive.
• Patients that become accustomed to opiates can experience psychological addiction and withdrawal if removed suddenly.
• Morphine has two hydroxyl groups which add to its polarity and water solubility, making it harder to pass through the phospholipid bilayer to the brain, but it binds well to receptors, so it has reasonable strength when preventing pain impulses in the brain.
• Diamorphine has no hydroxyl groups, low polarity and water solubility, making it the easiest to pass into the brain and bind to receptors, thus it has 4-5 times the strength of morphine, and is the most effective opiate when preventing pain impulses in the brain.
• Opiates are used for moderate to severe pain, sedation in minor surgical procedures, and treatment of addiction.
• Codeine has one hydroxyl group, less polarity and water solubility than morphine, making it easier to pass into the brain, but it does not effectively bind to receptors, has 1/10 the strength of morphine, and is not as effective as preventing pain impulses in the brain as morphine.
• Methadone produces a euphoric feeling at high doses, leading to illegal use and addiction, but it binds to opiate receptors and does not give euphoric effects, making it an effective treatment option for tolerance, addiction and withdrawal.
• Morphine, codeine, and diamorphine are types of opiates.
• Endorphins work as natural pain relievers, which are naturally occurring morphine.
• Endorphins binds to endorphin receptors (opioid/opiate receptors) in brain cells to intercept pain.
• Morphine is used for quick/moderate to severe pain, sedation for surgical procedures, mild pain, and cough suppressant for non-productive cough.
• Opium latex contains 3% codeine, with most being made synthetically from morphine.
• Ether linkage: reaction is reversed in liver.
• The brain is surrounded by a layer of lipids/fats, which are highly non-polar.
• All three work as analgesics, which are medical painkillers, healing headaches to injuries to arthritis.
• Codeine is used for mild pain and cough suppressant for non-productive cough.
• Diamorphine is used for severe pain.
• Codeine has one hydroxyl functional group, substituted with an O (oxygen) bonded to a methyl alkyl functional group, forming an 'ether', with lower polarity and water solubility compared to morphine.
• Disadvantages of opiates include slow metabolization, which can lead to drug dependence.
• Advantages of opiates include quickly relieving pain, fewer side effects, and option for convenient administration (oral).
• Diamorphine is only created synthetically through an "esterification reaction".
• Diamorphine has two hydroxyl groups substituted with O bonded to an acetyl side chain, forming 2 ester groups, with low polarity and solubility in water compared to morphine and codeine.
• Opiates must travel to the brain, interfere with nerve impulses, and have a blood polarity sufficient to keep them soluble.
• Opiates work by interfering with neurotransmitters and receptors in the transmission of a pain signal.
• Morphine has two hydroxyl functional groups, which add polarity and water solubility to the structure.
• Methylation reaction: Morphine is reacted with CH3I in alkaline solution.
• For a drug to pass from blood into the brain, there must be non-polar groups available.
• Morphine can be used directly or processed into codeine or diamorphine (heroin).