Chapter 12

• Disasters and crises are from Natural, Technological, Biological, and Civil/political hazards.
• Catastrophe - a sudden widespread disaster, results in extraordinary levels of mass casualties.
• Non-repetitive catastrophe - occurs only once in particular area can never be repeated in the same location.
• Irregular Catastrophe - can occur repeatedly in a general location or marketplace (Tsunami by earthquake, or large marker collapse)
• Regular catastrophe - occurs on a regular basis can be accommodated within a statistical framework. (earthquake on fault line and volcanic eruption)
• Seasonal Catastrophe - occurs in a regular basis during a given time period. (hurricanes, tropical cyclones)
• Five kinds of risk - Economic, Geopolitical, Environmental, Societal, Technological risks.
• Communication and consultation are fundamental to risk management
• Tourism Risk Management - an ongoing process with regular monitoring and review of hazards.
• Insignificant - no disruption to destination.
• Minor - Minimal disruption to destination and visitors.
• Moderate - short-term disruption to destination and services to visitors.
• Major - Disruption to destination and services to visitors for more 24 hours.
• Catastrophic - unable to meet visitors' requirements and provide normal service type and level.
• Risk Management in the tourism context - refers to the planning and implementation of processes directed towards managing the adverse effects of crises on tourism.
• Think globally, act locally - a simple idea or formula which helps to achieve sustainable development in tourism.