BIOCHEMISTRY 2

• Hydrogen Bonds


  Formed when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an O or N atom in another molecule
• Water


  An inorganic compound
• Water

  A polar molecule: a universal solvent
• Water


  Has high heat capacity: minimizes abrupt temperature change
• Water


  Has high heat of evaporation: with great cooling effect
• Water


  Permits capillary processes
• Acid


  A substance that dissociates into one or more H+
• Base


  A substance that dissociates into one or more OH-
• Salt


  A substance that dissociated into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-
• pH


  Amount of H+ in a solution
• Increasing H+

  Increases acidity
• Increasing OH-

  Increases alkalinity
• Most organisms grow best between what pH?

  6.5 and 8.5
• Carbon Skeleton


  The chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule
• Functional Groups


  These are responsible for most of the chemical properties of a particular organic compound.
• Alcohol


  Lipids, carbohydrates
• Aldehyde


  Reducing sugars such as glucose; polysaccharides
• Ketone


  Metabolic intermediates
• Methyl


  Dna; energy metabolism
• Amino


  Proteins
• Ester


  Bacteria and eukaryotic plasma membranes
• Ether


  Archaea plasma membranes
• Sulfyhydryl


  Enegery metabolism; protein structure
• Carboxyl


  Oragnic acids, lipids, proteins
• Phosphate


  ATP, DNA
• Small organic molecules can combine into?

  Large macromolecules
• These are polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules

  Macromolecules
• Monomers


  Smaller molecules
• Monomers join by what process?

  dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions
• Carbohydrates


  Hydrated carbon compounds
• Proteins


  Polypeptides containing polymers of amino acids
• Nucleic acids

  Polymers of nucleotides
• Lipids


  Heterogenous class of compounds grouped together due to their solubility in fat solvents
• These are important for structure and as energy sources

  Carbohydrates
• It consist of C, H, and O with the formula (CH2O)n

  Carbohydrates
• What are the functions of Carbohydrates?

  1. Primary Source of Energy 2. Form Structural components of cells 3. Backbone of other molecules
• What are the building blocks of Carbohydrates?

  Monosaccharides
• Monosaccharides

  Simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms
• These are formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis

  Disaccharides
• How are Disaccharides formed?

  When 2 monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis