Save
Geography
Paper 2
Section B Changing economic world Q2
Save
Share
Learn
Content
Leaderboard
Learn
Created by
Julia
Visit profile
Cards (55)
Development - How far a country has grown economically and
technologically.
Standard of living and
quality
of
life
of the population improves
Standard of living - Measure of
wealth
and
material comfort
of a person (
house
,
food
,
clothes
)
Quality of life - A person’s
mental
and
physical health
, well being, happiness and
freedom
Gross national income
(GNI) per capita - Country’s money made from
goods
and services, divided by the
population size
(this is not a
reliable
measure of development on its own, as it does not take into account
quality
of life or show the extremes of wealth or poverty)
Social
measures of development
Social measures of development:
Birth
rate - number of live
births
per
1000
people per year
Death
rate - number of
deaths
per
1000
people per year
Infant mortality
rate - number of
babies
that die under
1
year old per
1000
live
births
Life expectancy
-
average
number of
years
a person can expect to
live
People per
doctor
- number of people who
depend
on a
single
doctor
Literacy rates
-
percentage
of
adults
with basic
skills
to read and
write
Access to safe water - percentage of people who have
access
to
water
that carries no
health
risk
Why GNI isn't a good single measure of development
Doesn't show us
difference
between
extreme wealth
and
poverty
Using
one single
indicator of development isn't useful as only measures
one
aspect
HDI -
Human
Development
Index
Human Development Index (HDI) is one number but measure 3 aspects
Life
expectancy at
birth
Average
school
years
GNI
per
capita
Score is given as a
decimal
between
0
and
1
the closer to
1
the better your overall
development
Multiplier effect
- the way countries improve when development happens. The most important aspect is
Income
and
Money.
Multiplier effect circle
Economic
wealth
Disposable
income (creates
jobs
as more money to spend in
local
economy
Government
receives
tax
from workers
income
Investment
Economic
growth
Strategies to reduce uneven development
Investment
Industrial
development
Aid
Intermediate
technology
Fair
trade
Debt
relief
Microfinance
loans
Strategy: Investment
TNCs
invest money in
LICs
to increase
profit
They will improve
infrastructure
and develop new
industries
Factories
are built and
good
are produced
Strategy: Investment
Building of
factories
will create
jobs
in
construction
and jobs within
factory
once
built
Increase
of jobs
increases
the amount of
tax
received by
government
Government has more
income
to
invest
Strategy: Industrial Development
Shift focus from exporting
primary
goods to
manufactured
China
changed and now they are
'workshop
of the
world'
and have one of the
fastest
growing
economies
Strategy: Industrial Development
Manufactured
goods have
higher
value
Government
makes more money on
exports
which they can
invest
back into the
economy
Workers are getting a
higher
and more
reliable
income
Have a higher
disposable
income to spend in
local
economy and pay more
tax
Strategy: Aid
NGOs
donate
resources
or
money
to another
country
Short
term aid is
emergency
help
Long
term aid is
sustainable
aid and aims to help countries
development
Strategy: Aid
When
NGOs
donate
goods
it means the
government
doesn't have to
pay
for them meaning they can
save
it and
invest
Population
gets the
support
they need
Strategy: Intermediate Tech
Sustainable
tech that is appropriate to the
local
people
Small
scale projects associated with
agriculture
,
water
or
health
Needs to be
affordable
and
easy
to use and
maintain
/
repair
Strategy: Intermediate Technology
Giving a
community
access to
tech
like a
water pump
gives
easy
access to
clean
water
Children
who are sent to get
water
can now go to
school
to get
job
in
future
Jobs
provided for
maintenance
meaning more
tax
to
government
allowing them to
invest
Strategy: Debt relief
In
2005
worlds
richest
countries agreed to
cancel
debts of highly
indebted poor
countries
To
qualify
they had to show they could
manage
their own
finances
and no
corruption
And agree to spend on
development
in
education
,
healthcare
and reducing
poverty
Strategy: debt relief
Debt
money can now be used to
invest
into country
Can improve
health
so more poeple are
healthy
and can
work
Strategy: Microfinance loans
Poor
people
borrow
small sums of
money
Enables
start up
of
small
businesses so they can become
self
sufficient
Can help
farmers
who
struggle
to grow
crops
to
sell
Strategy: Microfinance loans
Starting a
business
allows them to earn an
income
and pay
tax
If business grows more people can be
employed
meaning more
jobs
people now have
disposable
income
Why is Nigeria regionally important
One of the
fastest
growing
economies
in
Africa
with highest
GPD
Largest
population in
Africa
(
182
million)
Why is Nigeria globally important
21st
largest
economy
in the world and is
expanding
rapidly
Supplies
2.7
% of the worlds
oil
Diverse
economy including
financial
services and
telecommunications
Development
- The
progress
of a country in terms of
economic
growth, the use of
technology
and human
welfare
Nigeria is classified as a
NEE
These countries are experiencing
higher
levels of
economic
development
Manufacturing
and
tertiary
sectors expanding
Nigeria's changing sectors
Economy
has become more
balanced
as
primary
sector has
declined
Manufacturing
and
tertiary
sectors have
grown
Nigeria's changing industrial structure
Agriculture
sector has fallen
70
% to about a
third
Manufacturing
sector has grown roughly a
third
Tertiary
sector makes up the
rest
How Nigeria's manufacturing industry can stimulate economic development
Regular
paid
work and
higher
paid than
farming
gives people a secure
income
that cans pend their
disposable
income on
goods
manufactured in
Nigeria
Manufacturing stimulates
growth
,
industries
that
supply
manufacturing create more
jobs
Finance
and
retail
are also needed which creates
jobs
in more
sectors
People pay
tax
so more people are
working
so
government
receives more
tax
Thriving industries will attract
foreign
investment
Advantages of shell in Nigeria
Contributions to
taxes
which are
invested
back into
country
Shell provides direct
employment
for
65
,
000
workers
Supports
250
,
000
jobs in other
industries
Skills that
Nigerians
learn can be used to set up a
new
Nigerian
companies
which can lead to
higher
paying jobs
Negatives of Shell in Nigeria
Oil
spills in the Niger
Delta
devastated local
farmers
and
fisherman
Flares
send
toxic
fumes into the
air
causing
climate
change and
respiratory
problems for local people stopping them from
working
Working
conditions
and
safety
regulations are
lower
than in
Europe
Shell makes most of their money by refining
oil
which takes place in
Europe
meaning
moist
profits are leaked back to
HICs
Shell in Nigeria verdict
Provides
jobs
,
taxes
and
investment
that have directly
benefited
Nigeria
However have caused
environmental
issues like
oil
spills as well as
exploiting
local workers
Environmental impacts of economic development - industrial growth
Lagos pollutants
go straight into
river
causing
harm
to people and
ecosystems
80
% of
forests
have been
destroyed
due to
urban
expansion
Poisonous gases
cause
respiratory
problems
Environmental impacts of economic development - Urban growth
Rubbish
is
dumped
everywhere
Traffic
congestion leads to
air
pollution
Environmental impacts of economic development - Mining and extracting oil
Bodo
in
Niger
delta was
polluted
by
11
million gallons of
oil
leading to
ecosystems
losses
Shell paid
55million
pound of damage showing
firms
will be more
careful
in the
future
NEE
Newly emerging
economy
GNI
Gross
national
income
per capita is average salary / money per person
LICs usual work
Agriculture
See all 55 cards