Actinomyces Identification and Phylogeny

• What color do $Actinomyces$ appear when stained?


  Purple
• What type of microscope technique was likely used to generate this image?

  Based on the level of detail and the staining/coloration, this was likely produced using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) or a scanning electron microscope (SEM), which can provide high-resolution images of microscopic biological structures.
• How does this method contribute to molecular biology?

  By elucidating gene regulation and interactions
• What is the purpose of DNA denaturation in the PCR process?

  • DNA denaturation (95°C) separates the double-stranded DNA into single strands to allow primers to bind.
• How does the PCR process amplify a specific DNA sequence?

  • The PCR process repeatedly amplifies the target DNA sequence through cycles of denaturation, annealing, and DNA synthesis.
• What can $Actinomyces$ form under a microscope?


  Dense clumps or branching patterns
• What is the temperature used for the annealing step in the PCR process?

  55°C
• What is the temperature used for the denaturation step in the PCR process?

  95°C
• How does the PCR process ensure the amplification of a specific DNA sequence?

  By using DNA primers that bind to the complementary sequences flanking the target DNA region
• What is the role of primers during the annealing phase of PCR?

  They bind to the DNA strands
• What occurs during the elongation phase of PCR?

  DNA polymerase builds new strands
• What is the purpose of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?

  To amplify specific DNA regions
• What is the purpose of the repeat cycle (20-40 times) in the PCR process?

  To exponentially amplify the target DNA sequence
• What type of microscopic image is shown in the image?

  This appears to be a microscopic image of some biological cells or structures.
• What is the purpose of the PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) process shown in the image?

  To amplify all four primer pairs in a single tube
• How does Multiplex PCR achieve amplification of multiple DNA regions?

  By using different primer sets for specific sequences
• What information is provided by the marker in the image?

  • The marker shows the expected fragment sizes for each strain:
  • 109 bp for Strain A
  • 141 bp for Strain B
  • 202 bp for Strain C
  • 371 bp for Strain D
• Why are DNA primers used in the PCR process?

  They provide a starting point for DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase
• What is a characteristic morphology of $Actinomyces$?


  Filamentous morphology
• What is the main purpose of Multiplex PCR?

  To amplify multiple DNA regions simultaneously
• At what temperature does the annealing phase occur in PCR?

  55°C
• How do $Actinomyces$ appear under a microscope?


  As purple-stained threads
• What can you infer about the sample or specimen based on the visual characteristics of the image?

  • The image shows a complex, intricate pattern of structures, suggesting a biological sample
  • The purple/pink coloration indicates some type of staining or dye was used to highlight certain features
  • The irregular, branching shapes and textures suggest this could be a sample of cells, tissues, or other biological material
• Why is understanding gene regulation important?

  It helps in understanding protein-DNA interactions
• What is the role of DNA polymerase in the PCR process?

  • DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands complementary to the template DNA strand.
• How do $Actinomyces$ bacteria grow?


  In branched growth patterns
• How does the PCR process shown in the image differ from a typical PCR setup with individual primer pairs?

  The PCR in the image uses all four primer pairs in a single tube, while a typical PCR setup would use each primer pair in a separate tube
• What are the key steps in the process shown in the image?

  1. Proteins cross-linked to DNA fragments
  2. Antibody binds to the proteins
  3. DNA-protein complex is formed
  4. Proteins are removed
  5. DNA is amplified by PCR
• Why is nested PCR less likely to amplify unwanted DNA fragments?

  Because of its highly specific amplification
• What is the purpose of multilocus sequence typing (MLST)?

  To compare bacterial strains by sequencing genes
• What is the name of the enzyme used in the PCR process?

  Taq
• What is the first step in the process described?

  Immunoprecipitation
• What technique is used to amplify DNA after purification?

  PCR
• What do specific antibodies target in this process?

  DNA-protein complexes
• How can scientists use STs to understand bacterial strains?

  By tracking their spread and evolutionary relationships
• What is the significance of band patterns in gel electrophoresis after Multiplex PCR?

  • Unique band patterns identify different strains
  • Each band represents a specific DNA region
  • Bands correspond to their respective primer pairs
• What role do $Actinomyces$ play in mammals?


  Part of the normal flora
• What does this method help identify?

  DNA sequences bound by specific proteins
• What type of genes are sequenced in MLST?

  Housekeeping genes
• What is the allele number for gene4 in ST2?

  1