College Sports Medicine

• · Flexion (decrease angle of joint; elbow

  · Extension (increase angle of Joint; elbow

  · Hyperextension (over extending joint; not

  every joint does this)

  · pronation (palms are facing down; forearm)

  · Supination (palms are facing up; radius

  flips over una)

  · Rotation (spinning; arm, hip, neck)

  · dorsiflexion (pointing; calf muscle; ankle)

  · plantar flexion /pointing; anterior tibialus; ankle)

  · inversion (toe side and in; ankle)

  · Eversion (pinky and out; ankle)

  · Abduction (moving away from body)

  · Adduction (moving towards body)

  · circumduction (making circle; should, neck, hip, finger
• Anatomical Position: when palms are facing forward (supination)-> helps see everything
• sports medicine team:

  1)Doctor

  2)Athletic Trainer

  3)Student Athletic Trainer

  4)Coach

  5)Athlete
• responsiblities of ATC:

  · evaluate injuries (Cannot Diagnose)

  · rehab

  · reacting to emergencies
• ROMs range of Motion:

  AROM-active range of motion (move joint

  by yourself)

  PROM-passive range of motion (PT moves

  joint for you

  RROM-resistive range of motion

  (how to check for strength -> bilateral comparison)
• Special types of Bone Fractures:

  Epiphyseal Fracture -Fracture to the growth

  Plate

  Stress Fx-repeated low magnitude force on bone -

  worsen over time-chronic (does not snow on X-ray

  I when not using feels better

  * regular fx -> bothers all the time

  Avulsion Ex -when tendon or ligament pulls off piece of bone
• FX tests: work better on long bones

  · percussion-tapping that produces force along

  the shaft of the bone, which causes pain at the

  sight of injury

  · Vibration -using a tuning fork or hammer to

  test whether the vibration causes pain.

  · Compression -pushing 2 bones together (hurt)to see

  if causes pain.

  · Distraction -pulling bones apart (away from body)

  (feels better)-> could be fx

  Healing fx- blood clot forms around bone and then deposits

  Calcium to form new bone.
• External Bleeding:

  1)primary Survey (survey Scene, ABC's, 911)

  2)put on gloves

  3)grab Sterile ganze

  4)Direct/Apply pressure

  5)elevation

  6)bandage,

  bleeding ; doc(stitches), urgent care, 911(can’t stop bleeding ; emergency)
• Heat Illness: Prevention

  -Acclimatization (get used to climate)

  -Clothing

  -Fluid hydration

  -Weight Charts (weigh before and after practice to see

  now much water you sweat out)

  -Sling phycometer (measures air heat temp and

  humidity

  -Split practice
• Heat Exhaustion (symptoms)

  -Dizzy

  -headache

  -profuse sweating

  -cool clammy Skin

  -Ashen or pale skin

  -Rapid Weak Pulse

  -uncoordinated gait
• Heat Stroke (symptoms)

  -Disoriented

  -unconscious (call 911)

  -Not Sweating (can't cool yourself down)call 911

  -shallow breathing

  -Hot, Dry, Red Skin

  -Body temp increases

  -Slow Strong pulse (call 911)
• Heat Exhaustion (TX)

  -remove excess clothing

  -remove equipment

  -Give Cold fluids (if possible)

  -Get into cool place

  -Cool with towels

  -seek medical attention
• Heat Stroke (TX)

  -Call 911

  -Cool immediately ice bath /towel)

  -cool location

  -if drink -OK

  -TX for shock
• Shock:

  · can come from any injury involving: pain,

  bleeding, internal trauma, fracture, or spinal

  injury

  During shock-> blood vessels vasodilate -> leads to

  blood pooling -> deprives brain and vital organs from

  oxygen
• TX for Shock

  1)activate ems

  2)comfort person

  3)control bleeding

  4)lift legs + or whatever needed (Face red-lift head,

  Face pale lift legs)
• 1)Pulse

  -extension of heartbeat

  -Determined at Carotid artery (neck)or Radial artery

  (Wrist)

  -Normal pulse 60-80 beats (some athletes lower

  because they workout muscle (heart)and pumps blood out

  at one time

  -signs of problems:

  Rapid/weak

  Rapid/strong

  slow/strong ( indicator something is wrong = body sending POWERFUL message)
• 2)Blood Pressure -instrument Sphygomomanometer (blood

  pressure cuff)measures amount of force against arterial

  walls.

  systolic -when heart pumps normal (115-120 Bp)

  Diastolic-residual pressure in between beats (75-80)

  Female (8-10 lower)

  Sign of problem -> BP

  Hypertension-high blood pressure -> pressure on

  walls of artery (either burst or clot

  Emergency:

  -high blood pressure for non-athletes

  -Low blood pressure for athletes (internal/external bleeding ->

  pressure goes down)
• 3)Respiration

  -Normal breathing rate: 12 breaths /A minute

  Signs of problem

  · shallow

  · irregular

  · Cough that produces Frotty Sputum (blood)
• 4)Temperature

  -Thermometer -98. 6

  -Can also be detected by Skin /heat

  sign of Problems

  -cool/clamy

  -hot/dry (not sweating; dehydrated, body temp increasing)

  ↓

  heat stroke (sweat a lot then stop)
• 6)Pupils: windows to body (nervous system)

  small pupils (constricted)-> drug use

  Signs of problems

  -constricted

  -Response to light

  -Dilated

  -Diplopia(seeing double)

  -Tracking -> follow finger

  -uneven
• Referred Pain: pain that shows up in

  different Spot where pain is originating

  EX:

  pain down left arm or neck can hurt (limited blood flow)

  * 2)kehr Sign-pain in left shoulder from ruptured spleen

  (crack in spleen, slow bleeding)

  3)pain across lower back from Kidney injury
• Sprains/strains:

  Sprain-ligament tear (can't repair; or replace with

  tendon).

  1st, 2nd, 3rd degree(use tendon to replace)

  Strain-muscle or tendon tear (heals itself)

  Ligaments-hold bone to bone -no blood

  joints -where 2 bones meet
• HOPS: ways of evaluating an invury

  History (trying to get as much info as possible)

  -listen to athlete

  -Ask specific questions

  -Mechanism of Injury (how did it occur)

  -when? First time?

  -How long have you had the symptoms?

  -Does the pain change/subside?

  -Any medical history

  -point with one finger where it hurts
• Observation

  -Atrophy /wearing away of muscle from lack of use)

  -Edema

  -Sounds (crepitus)

  -looking for deformity

  -Bilateral Comparison