Other information.

• Pressure and release model:

  Root causes (corruption, high debt, poor etc)

  Dynamic pressures (poor education, high population density)

  unsafe conditions (many were poor, poor building materials)
• Lithosphere - The solid outer layer of the Earth, consisting of the crust and the upper part of the mantle.
• Asthenosphere- The layer of the mantle that is hot and viscous. Convection occurs here
• Mantle convection - radioactive decay of elements heats up the lower mantle creating convection currents which moves the plates
• Seafloor spread - magma is forced up and hardens forming a new crust. The crust pushes the plates apart creating a ridge
• Paleomagnetisim- earths magnetism switches every 400,000 years. The rocks formed by seafloor spread matches the (+) (-) (+) cycle
• Slab pull - The force that pulls the oceanic plate towards the mantle. Due to higher density because of mid-oceans ridge forming
• benioff zone - area where friction from plates create deep earthquakes
• High silica content (rhyolitic magma) is when lava is thick with low temperatures. gases can’t escape easily and create explosive eruptions.
• Low silica content (basaltic magma) are hotter and have a low viscosity. Gases are released quickly and are less explosive
• Fissure volcano - fault lines + mid ocean ridges. Low viscosity so effusive
• Rift Valley - when plates move apart on continents, the crust stretched and breaks into sets of parallel cracks (faults). The land between the faults collapse, making a Rift Valley
• Shield / basaltic volcano - has a vent. Low viscosity (low silica). Effusive.
• Composite cone - converging plate boundaries. Alternate layers of lava (effusive) and ash (explosive).
• Super volcano - convergent + divergent boundaries. High silica concentration. Explosive. Top of volcano caves in when magma chamber is emptied
• Tephra - volcanic ash that is thrown into the air during an eruption. (Destructive)
• Lahar - A mixture of mud, rock, and water that flows down a slope.(convergent + divergent)
• Jokulhaup - heat from volcanos melt ice and cause mass water release (divergent + convergent)
• S waves - shake through mantle. Slow. Cause damage
• L waves - slowest wave. Focuses all energy on earth’s surface. Does most damage
• Liquefaction - The process by which soil or rock is changed from a solid to a liquid state. Buildings collapse due to lack of support