Protest and reaction, 1963-72

• Malcolm X

  - Black Nationalism- Radical methods- MLK: Uncle Tom- 1964: Ballot or the Bullet Speech
• BPP: Survival of the Pigs

  - Oakland, California- Surveillance of police to highlight racial discrimination
• BPP Survival Programs

  - Free breakfast service for school children- Liberation schools- Black power to black people for black progress
• Black Panther Party


  - 1966- Huey P Newton, Bobby Seale- Black Berets, carried guns- Wanted blacks exempt from military service
• Radicalisation: SNCC

  - 1966- Henry 'Rap' Brown replaced Stokeley Carmichael- Blacks to take over white business in ghettos
• Radicalisation: CORE

  - 1966- 1967: multiracial removed from constitution- 1968: white members expelled
• Selma


  - 1965- 25,000 supporters- Scenes of polcie brutality on media- Led to 1965 VRA
• Chicago Freedom Movement


  - 1966- 30,000 supporters- Highlighted segregation in North- Led to loss of faith in MLK
• Poor Peoples Campaign


  - 1968- Campaign for better standard of living for poor- LBJ didn't agree so MLK became more radical- Aims still not achieved
• Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike


  - 1968- MLK couldn't stop violence erupting- Aims achieved after MLK's death
• MLK Death: Gov Reaction

  - Fair Housing Act 1968- Hard to enforce
• MLK Death: Black reaction

  - Major riots in 100+ cities, 46 died- Increased support for black power
• MLK Death: White Reaction

  - Continued to aid black americans through legislation
• Chicano Movement: Grape Workers Strike


  - 1965- Cesar Chavez- National boycott of California Grapes- Strike lasted 5 years- 100,000 new Hispanic voters
• Chicano Movement: University


  - Different groups emerged- Brown Berets, LA- The Crusdade for Justice, Denver
• Chicano Movement: Success?

  - Unsuccessful in attaining improved civil rights- Movement splintered as more radical groups emerged
• What percentage of over 18s at college in late 1960s?


  50%
• First Student Protest?


  - 1964, University of California
• How many major demonstrations in 1968?


  221, opposing key issues e.g Vietnam War, Greater student freedom
• Students for a Democratic Society


  - 1960- Tom Hayden, Al Haber
• Protest: Vietnam


  - 1967: 500,000 marchers in Central Park- 1968: Riots outside Democrat Party Convention, Chicago
• Student Protest: Extremism?

  - Weather Underground Organisation 1969- Bombings of gov buildings and universities
• Counter Culture: Hub?

  - San Francisco, California- Centre of flower power
• Counter Culture: Music?

  - Rolling Stones and The Doors popular- Linked with drug use and rebellion- 1969: Woodstock, 40,000 attended
• How many women in regular employment?


  25m by 1965
• What percentage of married women with children held jobs?


  40% by 1968
• Women's Liberation Movement

  - 1968- Protested against Miss America Beauty Pageant in Atlantic City
• Women: success?

  - 1972: Schools to eliminate sex discrimination in order to receive funding
• How many women using Contraceptive pill?


  6.5m by 1965
• What percentage of students had sex before leaving college?


  76% women, 75% men
• Divorce Rates?


  Rose by 100% during 1960s
• Gay Rights: Stonewall Inn


  - 1969- Police raided Stonewall Inn: gay bar- 3 days of rioting
• Gay Rights: American Psychiatric Society


  - 1973: Homosexuality removed as a mental illness
• TV: Vietnman War


  - Walter Cronkie: news reporter on Vietnam, 70% tursted him more than any other public figure
• TV: Sitcoms

  1969: All in the Family, reflected views of silent majority
• Kent State


  - 1970- Anti-Vietnam protest- 4 killed
• Nixon: Attack on Great Society


  - $1.4bn had not solved issues- Introduced New Federalism: gave power back to states
• Nixon: Educational Standards Act


  - 1972- Colleges must have affirmative action programmes to ensure equality for women
• Nixon: National Environment Policy Act


  - 1970- Created environment protection agency
• Nixon: Operation Chaos


  - To target radical groups- 1972: groups in decline