Formation of polymers through condensation reactions

• How do monomers connect in condensation reactions?

  Like building blocks forming a larger structure
• What are monomers?

  Small molecules that form larger polymers
• What is the significance of condensation reactions in biology?

  • They link monomers to form essential polymers
  • Important for synthesizing carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
  • Release water, contributing to cellular processes
• What is the biological role of nucleotides?

  DNA & RNA formation
• What are the main types of monomers and their roles in biology?

  • Amino acids: Protein synthesis
  • Nucleotides: DNA & RNA formation
  • Simple sugars (monosaccharides): Carbohydrate structure
  • Fatty acids: Lipid synthesis
• What are the components of simple sugars (monosaccharides)?

  Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio
• What are condensation reactions?

  Reactions that link monomers to form polymers
• What is the biological role of simple sugars (monosaccharides)?

  Carbohydrate structure
• What is the functional group represented by the carboxylic acid structure in the image?

  Carboxylic acid
• What is the central element in the image?

  O
• What combines to form water during condensation reactions?

  A hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom
• What functional groups can combine to form polymer linkages?

  • Amine
  • Carboxyl
  • Alcohol
  • Isocyanate
• What is formed during condensation reactions?

  Water and a covalent bond
• How does a hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom form water during condensation reactions?

  They combine to form $H_{2}O$ and a covalent bond
• What are the components that join together to form a water molecule?

  Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
• How does the dryer remove water from the slurry?

  The slurry is heated in a hot water bath, causing the water to evaporate and leaving behind the dried polyethylene.
• How many hydrogen atoms are shown in the image?

  2
• What is the process of polymerization?

  Joining monomers to form a polymer chain
• What is the purpose of the mechanical stirrer in the reactor?

  The mechanical stirrer helps mix the components in the reactor to ensure a homogeneous slurry.
• What is a hydroxyl group?

  OH
• How does the formation of water molecules occur during condensation reactions?

  • A hydroxyl group (OH) from one monomer combines with a hydrogen atom (H) from another
  • This forms a water molecule ($H_{2}O$) and a covalent bond
  • Water is released as monomers link to form polymers
• What is the arrangement of the atoms in this molecule?

  • Central oxygen atom
  • Two hydrogen atoms bonded to the oxygen
  • Atoms arranged in a trigonal planar geometry
• What type of reactions are involved in the bonding process between monomers?

  Condensation reactions
• How can the functional groups in the image be used to form different types of polymers?

  • Amines can form amides with carboxylic acids
  • Alcohols can form esters with carboxylic acids
  • Isocyanates can form carbamates (urethanes) with alcohols
• What is the biological role of amino acids?

  Protein synthesis
• What are the key functional groups shown in the image and how are they represented?

  • Amine: -NH-
  • Carboxylic acid: -C-O-H
  • Alcohol: -O-H
  • Isocyanate: -N=C=O
• What type of bond is formed between monomers during condensation reactions?

  Covalent bond
• What is the functional group represented by the isocyanate structure in the image?

  Isocyanate
• What is the state of the polymer chains after they form a slurry?

  They are suspended in a liquid mixture
• What is the biological role of cellulose?

  Structural component in plant cell walls
• What happens when additional monomers join the chain during polymerization?

  Water is released at each bond
• How do different functional groups demonstrate the bonding process in biological molecules?

  They combine to form polymer linkages
• What is the biological role of proteins?

  Build and repair body tissues
• If the filter becomes clogged, how would this affect the overall process?

  It would prevent the separation of the slurry components, reducing the yield of polyethylene
• What are the main components of the slurry composition?

  • Polyethylene
  • Unreacted ethylene
  • Ziegler-Natta catalyst
  • Solvent
  • Water
• How do the functional groups in the image differ in their chemical reactivity and properties?

  • Amines are nucleophilic and basic
  • Carboxylic acids are acidic and can form hydrogen bonds
  • Alcohols are weakly acidic and can form hydrogen bonds
  • Isocyanates are highly reactive electrophiles
• What are the components of fatty acids?

  Long hydrocarbon chain, carboxyl group
• What is released when monomers link to form polymers during condensation reactions?

  Water
• What is the monomer of proteins?

  Amino acids
• How are condensation polymers formed?

  Monomers connect through condensation reactions