1640s in English revolution

• Charles I ruled without parliament from 1629 to 1639
• Charles had ran out of money for the Second Bishop War and so he called back the Parliament in November 1640.
• In January 1641, the Earl of Strafford was arrested and tried for treason. He was found guilty and executed on May 12th 1641.
• The Scottish launched an attack on Northumberland in July 1640. The English army was leaderless as the Earl of Northumberland feigned sickness and Thomas Wentworth was sick
• Following the Battle of Newburn, the Covenant took control over Newcastle and advanced to York
• In August 1640, a group of eighteen Scottish nobles led by the Earl of Montrose signed an agreement known as the "Cumbernauld Band" to express loyalty to the King and oppose the Covenant
• However, the Short Parliament was dissolved on 5 May 1640 as they refused to give him money for the war
• However, Charles then recalled Parliament again in November 1640 as Treaty of Rippon that ended the Second Bishop War stated that Parliament had to be called back in order to pay off the Scottish soldier
• This Parliament was called the "Long Parliament" as it lasted all the way until 1660s
• Parliament was initally united under the desire to remove the changes during the Personal Rule and strength Parliament's power
• The Star Chamber was abolished in 1640 and the High Commission in 1641
• Strafford was impeached in November 1640 and Laud in December 1640. Both were accused of treason and thrown to the Tower of London
• Laud was also tried but acquitted due to lack of evidence
• The Earl of Bedford created the Bridge Appointment which promised to give Charles some money in return, Charles would give some of the Parliamentarian a seat in the Privy Council
• Pym presented the 10 proposition on the 24th June 1641 which outlines how they could come to a settlement with the king
• What was included in the 10 proposition

  The disbandment of the army north, Parliamentary input into who is selected in the Privy Council, Oversight of the queen's household and control over the king's children education
• On May 1641, Oliver St John presented the Root and Branch bill which would have removed "episcopacy, root and branch" and prevent bishops from being appointed to the House of Lord
• The Root and Branch bill was so divisive that Pym shelved it before it could go to the House of Lord (it passed by 139-104)
• On the 19th April 1641, there was rumours that Charles had called the army to return to London which many Parliamentarian were going to be used to free Strafford and forcibly dissolve Parliament
• On the 6th May 1641, Charles gave his royal assent to the Oath which would emphasis the Puritan nature of the Church and removing the influence of the Catholic
• In November 1641, Pym published the Grand Remonstrance which blamed the advisor for the war and gave powers to Parliament to chose adviser for the king and remove bishop
• Strafford was charged with treason but the prosecution case against him was very weak as it hinged on the testimony of a man who was a known liar
• Therefore, Pym decided to use a Bill of Attainer which onlly required the consent of the House of Commons.
• In 1642, Catholics in Ireland, who angered at the power grab by the Protestant settler, launched an attack on the settler.
• Haselrig introduced the Milita Bill which gave the Parliament the power to raise an army which had previously been the king's pregorative
• On the 29th December 1641, Lords accepted the Commons vote of impeachment against the bishops
• On 3rd January 1642, Charles attempted to arrest the 6 MPs who had signed the Petition of Right but failed as they had heard about the plan ahead of time
• Charles was forced to flee the city after the London Mob started to surge onto the street
• The Royalist had the inital advantage as they had a hierachy with the king on top as well as many of the Royalist being much wealthier than the Parliamentarian
• In 1643, Parliament attempted to make peace with the King under the Oxford Treaty but the King rejected it as he believed that he would win the war
• The summer of 1643 represent the Royalist high tide where it looked like they were going to win but they were unable to take control of London and capitalise on their success
• Parliamentarian had a strong advantage as they controlled London which was the economic centre of England.
• In September 1643, Parliamentarian decided to team up with the Solemn League and Covenant in order to increase the force whilst also agreeing to turn the Anglican church into the Presbyterian.
• What was in the 19 proposition in 1642


  Parliament to have power to assent to royal appointment, stronger anti-Catholic legislation, the King should approve the Milita Ordinance
• In the Battle of Edgehill in October 1642, Prince Rupert ignored the Earl of Lindsey on the cavalry which caused the Royalist army to be defeated as they lost control of the horses
• The Earl of Essex prevented Rupert's troop from advancing to London in the Battle of Turnham Green on 13th November 1642
• Parliament was divided into two parties: the peace party with Holles who wanted to make peace with the King and the war party with Pym who wanted to continue the war.
• On September 1643, Charles signed the "Irish cessation" treaty with the Irish Catholics which was seen as Charles supporting the Catholics.
• In July 1644, the Parliamentary army in alliance with the Covenant defeated the Royalist army in the Battle of Marston Moor.
• In December 1644, Parliament introduced the Self-Denying Ordinance which would have separated the military leadership with the political with the exclusion of Cromwell.