Breakdown of polymers via hydrolysis

• What is hydrolysis?

  It is a chemical process breaking down polymers.
• What is the key molecule removed in hydrolysis?

  Water
• What are the main components of a hydrolysis reaction?

  • Water: Provides hydrogen and hydroxyl groups
  • Polymer: Large molecule being broken down
  • Monomer: Smaller units resulting from breakdown
  • Enzyme: Catalyzes and speeds up the reaction
• What are the names of the four molecules shown in the image?

  • Maltose
  • Water
  • Glucose
  • Glucose
• What are the two reactants (R1 and R2) that undergo co-polymerization?

  • R1 = -OH
  • R2 = Ph or -O
• How does mechanical force affect copolymerization?

  It allows manipulation of the polymer chain
• What is the chemical reaction that occurs during hydrolysis?

  • Water (H2O) is added to break down larger molecules into smaller molecules
  • This process converts maltose into glucose
• What happens during the hydrolysis of maltose?

  • Water's oxygen joins one glucose subunit
  • Water's hydrogen joins the other glucose subunit
  • The glycosidic bond is broken
  • Converts maltose into two glucose monomers
• What is the function of hydrolysis?

  It breaks down polymers.
• How does the structure of glucose differ from the structure of maltose?

  • Glucose has a 6-membered ring structure
  • Maltose has two 6-membered ring structures connected by an oxygen atom
• What are the three processes involved in polymer hydrolysis reactions?

  • Polymer Formation: CBI + Monomers → Linear Polymer
  • Mechanical Breakdown: Polymer Chain → Shorter Fragments
  • Hydrolysis: Polymer Chain → Individual Monomers
• How does the hydrolysis of starch illustrate the components of a hydrolysis reaction?

  Starch and water produce glucose through hydrolysis
• How does hydrolysis break polymers?

  By adding a water molecule across the bond
• How does the hydrolysis of maltose differ from the hydrolysis of glucose?

  Maltose is broken down into two glucose molecules, while glucose is not further broken down
• What is the chemical formula for maltose?

  $C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}$
• What is the function of condensation?

  It forms polymers.
• What role does the oxygen atom of water play in hydrolysis?

  It attacks the glycosidic bond
• What is the result of hydrolyzing maltose?

  Two glucose monomers
• What role does water play in a hydrolysis reaction?

  Provides hydrogen and hydroxyl groups
• What is the purpose of the co-polymerization process shown in the image?

  To create a new polymer compound from the CBI and R2 reactants
• What is the role of the mechanical force shown in the image?

  To induce the co-polymerization process between the CBI and R2 reactants
• What happens during the mechanical breakdown of a polymer chain?

  It produces shorter fragments
• What is the main reaction type described in the material?

  Hydrolysis
• How does hydrolysis break down large molecules?

  By adding water to the molecules.
• What role does copolymerization play in polymer chains?

  It creates a chain that can be manipulated
• What is the result of hydrolysis on a polymer chain?

  Individual monomers are produced
• What process breaks down polymers into monomers?

  Hydrolysis
• How does the co-polymerization process differ from the hydrolysis process shown in the image?

  Co-polymerization creates a new polymer compound, while hydrolysis breaks down the polymer
• What is the process of polymer formation from CBI and monomers?

  Linear Polymer
• What is the purpose of the hydrolysis process shown in the image?

  • To break down the co-polymer compound into further transformations
• What are the smaller building blocks resulting from hydrolysis called?

  Monomers
• What is the name of the chemical compound shown on the left side of the image?

  CBI
• What is the purpose of hydrolysis in the context of polymers?

  To break down polymers into individual building blocks
• What is the name of the process shown in the image?

  Hydrolysis
• What is the key molecule added in hydrolysis?

  Water
• What is the comparison between hydrolysis and condensation?

  • Hydrolysis:
  • Breaks down polymers
  • Adds water
  • Removes water

  
  

  • Condensation:
  • Forms polymers
  • Adds water
  • Removes water
• In the hydrolysis of starch, what is the product formed?

  Glucose
• What is the role of an enzyme in a hydrolysis reaction?

  Catalyzes the reaction and speeds it up