Psycholodynamic

• Freud's topographical model of personality suggests that we have an id, pleasure principle, superego, morality principle, and ego, reality principle.
• Freud's topographical model of personality suggests that the superego develops during the phallic psychosexual stage, which is when the child is between three to six years old and resolving the Oedipus complex for boys and the Electra complex for girls.
• According to Freud, the superego develops during the phallic psychosexual stage.
• The superego has two tools: guilt when we perform bad behavior and pride when we perform good behavior.
• The role of the superego in controlling our behavior depends on how the superego develops.
• If the superego is underdeveloped, the child may not be able to control their id and will perform criminal acts.
• If the superego is overdeveloped, there can be over-identification and the superego is completely dominant, leading to adults with a constant sense of guilt and a need to punish themselves.
• The deviant superego is when the Oedipus complex is resolved normally, but the identified with parent is a criminal, meaning the imitation is of a criminal sense of morality not the definition of morality that is shared by the non-criminal members of society.
• Defense mechanisms are unconscious mental processes that alter our conscious perception of the world and protecting the ego from feelings of anxiety and committing crimes is likely to make the offender pretty anxious.
• Denial is a defense mechanism where the criminal may completely reject the idea that what they did was a crime or how serious their crimes really are.
• Displacement is a defense mechanism where a violent criminal who is feeling anger and frustration at someone that they can't release that anger to may go and release that anger on a weaker target.
• Criticisms of Bobby's work include a clear gender bias as females don't resolve the Oedipus complex, meaning their superego can't be as strong as males, and the wrong way around from the observation that far more males are prisoners.
• Bobby's work suggests a connection between antisocial behavior in children and poor parenting, but this cannot be seen as scientific evidence for poorly developed superego leading to delinquency.
• Practical obligations include improving childhood experience through parenting classes to ensure that parents don't leave their child with an over or underdeveloped superego.
• Bobby's 44th fifth study was correlational, meaning there's no way of knowing cause and effect between the children's criminal behavior and maternal deprivation.
• If infants have an insecure relationship with their mother, they are likely to grow up thinking other people can't be trusted, which will negatively impact future relationships and lead to anti-social and eventually criminal behaviors.
• According to Bolby, a poor parental relationship results in criminality, with the infant's very early relationship with their mother acting as an internal working model.
• Freud's theory on offending behavior is criticized for containing concepts that are not testable like the superego, and is not taken seriously by researchers.
• Bolby's theory on offending behavior is based on psychodynamic principles, combining ideas from cognitive and evolutionary theory, attachment theory, and Freud's theory.
• Bobby's ideas are accepted and every effort is made to adopt children quickly and give new mothers the maximum amount of time with their infants.
• Maternal deprivation, according to Bolby, can lead to affectionate psychopathy, which is characterized by a lack of empathy for other people's feelings or their suffering, and no personal guilt for one's own actions.
• Rationalization is a defense mechanism where a burglar would say well they clearly don't care if i break in and take all their stuff because they left the door unlocked.
• Balbi's attachment theory also falls under psychodynamics.