Age of Revolutions

• Old Regime


  Old way of doing things (with the kings and the estates)
• Bougewise


  Wealthy middle class
• 1776


  Jefferson writes the Declaration of Independence
• The Declaration of Independence effectively puts Locke's social contract theory into practice
• 1789: French Revolution Begins
• Colonist complaints by the 1760s:

  • Taxation without representation
  • No voice
  • No government that supports the people
  • Natural rights violated
• What were the special privileges that the 1st and 2nd estate had?

  • They controlled education
  • They had special rights to hunt the land
  • They controlled marriage, birth, and death certificates
  • They controlled the prison system
• The 1st estate was made up of the church clergy
• The 2nd estate was made up of nobles or aristocrats
• The top of the old regime social structure was the absolute monarch
• 3rd estate: 97%
• 1st and 2nd estate: >2%
• Louis XVI: Inexperienced and not well respected
• Louis XVI's wife: Marie Antoinette
• August Decrees abolished both the feudal system and the special privileges for the 1st and 2nd estates
• "What is the Third Estate" acted as an alert, enticed people to start doing something, unified the people of the 3rd estate, and was a good way to get the word out fast
• Republic: A government where people elect representatives to act as the voice of the people
• 1789: Absolute monarch
• 1791: Constitutional Monarch
• Constitutional monarch: An elected body of people (but there is still a monarch)
• 1793: Monarch executed and France is declared a republic
• May 1789: Estates General is convened
• June 1789: Members of the Third Estate made the Tennis Court Oath
• The reign of terror:

  • suppressed liberty
  • got rid of fraternity
  • limited freedom of speech
  • outlawed catholicism
  • create something called the cult of the supreme being
  • festivals called the festival of season
  • got rid of the calendar and created a new one
  • the first year of the french revolution represents the first year of the calendar
  • no more freedom of religion
  • no fair trials
• A republic:

  • gives people more say in the government
  • people are more involved in the government
• The Reign of Terror happening during France's republic is ironic because?

  • Things that are happening during the Reign of Terror do not align with the values of a republic
  • They are going back to the old ways of being a monarchy despite them trying new things
  • All of their values from the French Revolution are gone
• What about the Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment produced revolutionary change in agriculture & industry?

  Opened up new ways of thinking

  Values applied to different industries

  New demographics for different markets

  Access to information and resources increased
• 4 changes to agriculture:

  1. Enclosure movement
  2. New technology
  3. Selective breeding
  4. Crop rotation
• What country does the industrial revolution begin in?

  England
• Napoleon was from a small island called Corseca, not French