IGCSE Edexcel Chemistry (Principles of Chemistry)

• Describe the arrangement, movement and energy of particles in a solid

  Regular arrangement, no movement, low energy.

  
• Describe the arrangement, movement and energy of particles in a liquid

  Random arrangement, random movement, medium energy.

  
• Describe the arrangement, movement and energy of particles in a gas

  Random arrangement, random movement, high energy.

  
• Melting

  Solid to Liquid

  
• Freezing


  Liquid to Solid

  
• Boiling

  Liquid to Gas

  
• Condesation


  Gas to Liquid

  
• Sublimation

  Solid to Gas

  
• Deposition

  Gas to Solid

  
• Heat up a liquid and it becomes a ...

  Gas

  
• Cool down a liquid and it becomes a ...

  Solid

  
• Diffusion


  Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

  
• Solvent


  The substance which dissolves a solute

  
• Solute


  A substance that is dissolved in a solvent

  
• Solution

  A solute dissolved in a solvent

  
• Saturated Solution


  A solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute

  
• Solubility

  A measure of how much solute can dissolve in a solvent at a known temperature.

  
• Units of solubility

  g per 100g of solvent(g = grams)
• Does increasing temperature increase or decrease the solubility of a solute?

  Increase (usually)

  
• Element


  A pure substance made of only one kind of atom

  
• Compound


  A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements that are chemically combined

  
• Mixture


  Two or more different substances that are not chemically combined

  
• Pure substances have a .... melting and boiling point


  fixed(i.e. water = 0C and 100C)

  
• Mixtures have a .... melting and boiling points

  range of(i.e. Crude Oil)
• The separation technique used to separate a solid from a liquid

  Filtration

  
• The separation technique used to separate substances with large differences in boiling point (i.e water and soluble salt)

  (Simple) Distillation

  
• The separation technique used to separate substances with similar boiling points (i.e. Ethanol and Water)

  Fractional distillation

  
• The separation technique used to separate coloured substances dissolved in a solvent

  Chromatography

  
• If a Chromatogram has only one peak it is ...

  A pure substance

  
• If a Chromatogram has more than one peak it is ...

  A mixture

  
• Atom


  Smallest particle of an elementMade of protons, neutrons, and electrons

  
• Molecule


  A group of atoms chemically bonded together

  
• Protons are found in the ... of the atom

  Nucleus

  
• Neutrons are found in the ... of the atom


  Nucleus

  
• Electrons are found in the ... of the atom

  Shells

  
• Relative mass of a proton

  1

  
• Relative mass of a Neutron

  1

  
• Relative mass of an Electron

  1/1836

  
• Relative charge of a Proton

  +1

  
• Relative Charge of a Neutron

  0