Organic Chemistry

• Primary Alcohol: the hydroxyl group is attached to a terminal carbon
• Secondary Alcohol: the hydroxyl group is attached to an internal carbon, with two alkyl groups on either side.
• Tertiary Alcohol: the hydroxyl group is attached to an internal carbon, with three alkyl groups on either side.
• The general formula for alkenes is CnH2n.
• The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2
• The general formula for alkynes is CnH2n-2
• Alphiatics are carbon molecules that do not contain benzene. They can be both saturated or unsaturated
• Arenes contain benzene and are always unsaturated
• Three types of Alphiatics

  1. Alkanes
  2. Alkenes
  3. Alkynes
• Unsaturated means there are carbons forming double or triple bonds
• Saturated contain only single bonds
• Prefixes

  1 - Meth,2 - eth,3- prop,4 - but,5 - pent,6 - hex,7 - hept, 8 - oct, 9 - non, 10 - dec
• Double bonds are always found in parent chains
• homologous series are families that differ by CH2x
• Successive members of homologous series differ by a single CH2 group
• members of a homologous series can be represented by the same general formula
• members of a homologous series show gradation of physical properties
• members of homologous series show similar chemical properties
• Alcohols have a functional group called hydroxyl, and their name ends in “ol”
• Aldehydes have the functional group carbonyl, the carbonyl is the the first position so it is never numbered. The parent chain ends in “al”
• Keytones have a carbonyl on an interior carbon, the parent chain ends with “one”. Number it expect butanone, and propanone
• A carbocylic acid has a hydroxyl and a carbonyl, the parent chain ends in ”oic acid”
• Esters are the product of a condensation reaction of alcohol and Carboxylic acid using a concentrated acid catalyst (H2So4), ends in ”oate”
• ethers have a functional group called ether, it is an oxygen which bonds to two chains, the shorter chain ends in “oxy”
• Nitrile is a triple bonded nitrogen
• amines are a single bonded nitrogen, can be bonded to carbon and hydrogen
• amides have the functional group carboxyamide, they are composed of carbon, double bonded oxygen, nitrogen and two hydrogen
• Arènes have the functional group phenyl, which is a benzene
• COOH carboxylic acid
• CHO aldehyde
• CH2OH alcohol
• CO Keytone
• COO Ester
• CH2OCH2 ether
• The strongest intermolecular forces are hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole and LDF (Van der walls)
• Something with high volatility has a low boilling and melting point
• Order from high to low volatility: alkanes, halogenoalkanes, aldehydes, keytones, alcohol, carboxylic acid
• Isomers are different arrangements of the same molecule with the same chemical formula.
• Complete combustion of an Alkane: excess oxygen

  hydrocarbon + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
• Incomplete combustion of Alkanes: limited oxygen