Acids bases and salt preparations

• The general rules for predicting the solubility of ionic compounds in water are: type of salt, soluble or insoluble; sodium, all; potassium, all; ammonium, all; nitrates, all; chlorides, all except silver and lead sulfates; barium, calcium, carbonates, all except hydroxides; and sodium, potassium, ammonium, all except hydroxides.
• Acids donate protons (H+), while bases accept protons.
• An acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor.
• Copper oxide (base) is insoluble, so follow steps in 2.39 and 2.43 (chemistry only) to prepare a sample of pure, dry copper (II) oxide.
• Lead sulfate is insoluble, so follow steps in 2.41 to prepare a sample of pure, dry lead (II) sulfate.
• Practical: Prepare a sample of pure, dry lead (II) sulfate.
• Practical: Prepare a sample of pure, dry hydrated copper (II) sulfate crystals starting from copper (II) oxide.
• Acids are proton donors, while bases are proton acceptors.
• The reactions of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and nitric acid with metals, bases and metal carbonates (excluding the reactions between nitric acid and metals) form salts: acid + base → salt + water; acid + metal → salt + hydrogen; acid + metal carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide.
• To form the formula of the salt formed, take the metal ion in the base/metal/carbonate, for example: [Mn+].
• Balance the charges in reactions such as H 2 SO 4 + MgO -> MgSO 4 + H 2 O, HNO 3 + NaOH -> NaNO 3 + H 2 O, 2HCl + 2Na -> 2NaCl + H 2, H 2 SO 4 + Na 2 CO 3 -> Na 2 SO 4 + H 2 O + CO 2.
• An experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt can be prepared by adding excess insoluble base to the acid, filtering to remove unreacted base, and heating the solution so that water evaporates and crystals of the salt remain.
• HCl + NH 3 -> NH 4 Cl is an example of the use of ammonia as a base.
• Metal oxides, metal hydroxides and ammonia can act as bases, and alkalis are bases that are soluble in water.
• An experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt can also be prepared by using a titration to find the exact volume of the alkali that reacts with the acid, mixing the exact volumes of the acid and base, and warming the solution so that water evaporates and crystals of the salt remain.
• Alkalis are bases which are soluble in water.
• Na + takes the ion part of the acid which isn’t hydrogen for HCl= Cl - for HNO 3 = NO 3 - for H 2 SO 4 = SO 4 2-.
• An experiment to prepare a pure, dry sample of an insoluble salt can be prepared by mixing solutions of two soluble reactants, filtering the mixture (insoluble salt will remain on filter paper), washing the salt with distilled water, and leaving salt residue.