History 1-2

• Liver, brain, heart: the first recognised and named organs
• Smith Papyrus (finished around 1600 BCE) shows that besides organs it was known that blood vessels emanate from the heart
• Mesopotamia: practices of removing the liver not for medical but for ritual practices -- liver served as a map for the future
• Ancient India: anatomy was presented in Susruta-Samhita but limited, mentioning only those organs/structures that were important to surgery
• Ancient China: Confucius' teachings forbade the violation of the human body. No dissections, only speculations until the 18th century. Diagrams and artificial models for anatomy
• ALCmEon was probably the first to identify an Eustachian tube. Credited for the first anatomical work, though it hasn't survived.
• HIPPOCRATES OF KOS: physiology and pathology. Had presented basic understanding of musculoskeletal structure.

  Probably was the very first person to discover the tricuspid valve.
• ARISTOTLE:

  • made autopsy one of the main tools for scientific investigation
  • suggested that the HEART is the main organ, while ALCmeon and HIPPOCRATES thought it was the brain.
• Praxagoras (pupil of Aristotle): found out about arteries and speculated that they carry a DIVINE element -- pneuma.
• SCHOOL OF ALEXANDRIA: FOUNDED 3 B.C.
• HEROphilos: systematically AND LEGALLY performed human cadaver dissections.

  • suggested -- brain is the main administrative organ
  • nervous system = motion + sensation
  • first one to MEASURE pulse accurately, using the WATER CLOCK --> CAME TO THE CONCLUSION THAT HEART WORKS AS A PUMP
• ERASIStratus: described valves of the heart before GALEN did. + anatomical structure of duodenum.
•  2 B.C. AUTOPSIES ARE FORBIDDEN due to religious and moral law. 
• GALEN:

  • Anatomy + physiology
  • ATTEMPTED to describe the full anatomy of a man, using only prev. research and animal dissection. 
  • Wrote his compilation in greek, his works are rarely analyzed and studied. 
• Hunayn ibn ИШАК (Ishaq) -- translated the works of GALEN for muslim physicians.
• AVICENNA:

  • Physician
  • Spread the Galenic knowledge throughout the Islamic world 
  • Included Galenic anatomy in his Canon of Medicine book. 
• IBN AL-NAFIS (Алладин - сердце):

  • stated that anatomy and physiology should be studied empirically rather than philosophically.
  • "interventricular septum DOES NOT have pores--> the output of the right vent. can only reach the left ventricle through PULMONARY CIRCULATION" --> opposition to GALEN
  • predicted the existence of capillaries
  • THE MAIN ONE: PULMONARY CIRCULATION
• Medical School of Salerno: dissections on animals, teachings of Avicenna and Galen
•  1315 AD, the first official autopsy was done by Mondino De’Luzzi. (the law approving that was issued in 1231, though).
• MONDINO DE LUZZI (луцци -лучший -- восстановитель):

  • RESTORER of anatomy: -- practicals! dissections!
  • Still based himself on teaching of Avicenna and GAlen
• Hela Ricardus (HELL RICK -- танцующие скелеты):

  • first image of human skeleton
• Peyglick (глюк системы)-- tried to figure out the structure of nervous system, but was unsuccessful
• Leonardo da Vinci:

  • treated the human body like a machine, so his illustrations followed the same principle.
  • drew BIG LADY -- with unbiological features
• ANATOMY IN ITALY:

  • still based on Galen's works
  • anatomia sensata - you need to touch and see with your own eyes
• VESALIUS (версус): 

  • The one who finally opposed Galen’s teachings
  • his work was printed in 1543
• COLOMBO (как Крситофер Колумб):

  • discovered pulmonary circuit
  • the main function of the heart is to PUMP not dilute
• EUSTACHIUS:

  • adrenal glands + Eustachian tube
• G. FALLOPIO:

  • fallopian tubes
  • anatomy of the head
• Fabrici (сморя какой fabrics... строитель)

  • the first Teatrum Anatomicum
  • discovery of venous VALVES (flaps)
• NETHERLANDS:

  • Improved Theatrum anatomicum with proper light AND spacious for dissection team and table
  • thoruoghly did dissections as to understand God's will.
• Swammerdam (swimmer damn жучки):

  • pionner of microscope anatomy
• RUYSCH (рубин):

  • unique preparatory technique: coloured the blood vessels with mercury sulfate to make them distinctive.
• Malphigi (МАЛ да удал):

  • microscope - the primary tool
  • DISCOVERED CAPILLARIES, fibrinogen
  • observed RBC
  • Malphigi carposol -- the blood fiktering component
• Lieberkühn:

  microscopic research, percsion in picturing small vessels
• WILIAM HUNTER (охотник на женщин): 

  • Helped to establish modern embryology 
  • Gave precise pictures of human foetus
• BICHAT (тишьят):

  • tissue theory -- the ground of histology
• HYRTL (hurts):

  • topographical anatomy
• Henle (легко):

  • loop of Henle in kidneys
• TEICHMANN (технишиан убирает жидкость):

  • full description of the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM, using his own preparation method
• Franz Mayer:

  • uses the term "histology" for the first time