L7: Empirical-Critical Approaches in the Social Sciences

• What is Marxism?

  A sociological, political, and economic philosophy
• Who developed Marxism?

  Karl Marx
• What is the title of the seminal work by Marx and Engels published in 1848?

  Communist Manifesto
• What does the Communist Manifesto reflect?

  Marx's theory of the state and society
• What are the two main classes in society according to Marxism?

  Bourgeoisie and Proletariat
• Who are the bourgeoisie?

  Factory owners or capitalists
• Who are the proletariat?

  Industrial workers or laborers
• What is exploitation in the context of Marxism?

  Bourgeoisie profits from proletariat's labor
• What is a key concept of Marxism regarding profit distribution?

  Profit should be divided equally among laborers
• What does social injustice refer to in Marxism?

  Low wages and terrible working conditions
• What are the ideological control and false class consciousness in Marxism?

  • Ideological control: Ruling class ideas dominate society
  • False class consciousness: Laborers unaware of their exploitation
• What is class conflict according to Marxism?

  Conflict over wealth and power distribution
• What arises from the oppression of the proletariat?

  Class conflict or class struggles
• What is a communist society?

  A classless society with public ownership
• What replaces private property in a communist society?

  Public ownership and control of production
• What is feminism?

  A critique of patriarchy from women's perspective
• What does patriarchy refer to?

  A system where men hold power over women
• What ideology is committed to women's emancipation?

  Feminism
• When did women start developing a theory to explain their oppression?

  1970
• What happened in 1980 regarding feminism?

  Feminists disagreed on particular issues
• How many definitions of feminism exist today?

  As many as there are feminists
• What are the different types of feminist theories?

  • Radical Feminism: Overthrow patriarchy by any means
  • Liberal Feminism: Work with men as equals
  • Socialist Feminism: Address patriarchy and environmental issues
  • Ecofeminism: Connect women and nature
  • Cultural Feminism: Emphasize women's values and qualities
• What is radical feminism's mission?

  To overthrow the system by any means
• What does liberal feminism emphasize?

  Coalition between men and women as equals
• What is socialist feminism's view on patriarchy?

  It is harmful to women and the environment
• What is ecofeminism's belief about women?

  Women are inherently kinder and gentler
• What does cultural feminism value?

  Independence, cooperation, and community
• What are the main gender movements?

  1. Feminism: Advocacy for women's rights
  2. Gender Equality: Freedom to develop abilities
  3. Gender Equity: Fair distribution of benefits
  4. Gender Empowerment: Women gaining control over their lives