Pharm

• Pharmacology is the study of how chemical agents effect biological systems
• prototype: this is a representative of a large groups of drugs that act similar
• brand name (trade name): this is the name given to drugs that are marketed by pharmaceutical companies
• generic name: this is a non proprietary, usually easier to communicate name
• chemical name: this is the name of drug based on chemical formula. all drugs are chemicals, when first discovered they are often named this
• ex: Generic name Acetaminophen

  Trade or brand name Tylenol

  PrototypeAnalgesic
• Prescription Drugs require a written or phone order to an individual who is licensed to dispense prescription medications.
• Non-prescription drugs are referred to as over the counter OTC, they do not require a written order.
• drugs that have the potential for abuse are called controlled substances and they are divided into 5 groups
• 5 CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES

  • drugs with High abuse potential, only used in research (roman number 1)

  ex: heroin
• 5 CATEGORIES OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES

  • drugs with High abuse potential and some acceptable medical use in humans ( roman number 2)

  ex: morphine
• 5 CATEGORIES OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES

  • drugs with moderate abuse potential and acceptable medical use in humans ( roman number 3. )

  ex: anabolic steroids
• 5 CATEGORIES OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES

  • drugs with low abuse potential and acceptable medical use in humans ( roman number 4)

  ex: benzodiazepines
• 5 CATEGORIES OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES

  • drugs with limited abuse potential and acceptable medical use in humans ( roman number 5)

  ex: narcotic drugs in small, limited quantities
• DESCRIPTION OF FDA PREGNANCY CATEGORIES

  pregnancy category A

  • drug studies in pregnant women have not yet demonstrated risk to the fetus
• DESCRIPTION OF FDA PREGNANCY CATEGORIES

  pregnancy category B

  • drug studies have not been performed in pregnant women, animal studies have not demonstrated fetal risk
• DESCRIPTION OF FDA PREGNANCY CATEGORIES

  pregnancy category C

  • drug studies have not been performed in pregnant women or animals, or animal studies have revealed some teratogenic potential but the risk to the fetus is unknown
• DESCRIPTION OF FDA PREGNANCY CATEGORIES

  pregnancy category D

  • drug studies have revealed adverse risk to the fetus. the benefit to ris ration of the drug must be established before use during pregnancy
• DESCRIPTION OF FDA PREGNANCY CATEGORIES

  pregnancy category X

  • Drug studies have revealed teragonic effects in women and/or animals. Fetal risk clearly outweighs benefit. Drug is contraindicated in pregnancy
• DESCRIPTION OF FDA PREGNANCY CATEGORIES

  pregnancy category XR

  • drug has not been rated by the FDA
• Pharmacodynamics: The study of the action of drugs on living tissue
• Pharmacokinetics: Study of the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
• Pharmacotherapeutics: Study of the use of drugs in treating disease
• Pharmacy: Science of preparing and dispensing medicines
• Posology: Study of the amount of drug that is required to produce therapeutic effects
• Toxicology: Study of harmful effects of drugs on living tissue
• receptor: the key molecular targets for most drugs
• through the drug receptor interaction that you learn about pharmacological effects
• binding/ active site: the site on the receptor where the drug binds
• drug and receptor interaction categorised by “affinity“
• non selective drug: activates any receptor
• selective drug: activate one receptor
• non specific drug: has multiple responses
• specific drug: one response but its very hard to achieve
• drugs can be both ( specific/non), neither, or just one
• many receptors are protein based
• primary protein structure: amino acid sequence
• secondary structure: confirmation such as alpha Helix or pleated sheet
• tertiary structure: interaction between alpha helix and pleated sheets
• quaternary protein structure: interaction between two or more independent protein subunits