Immunity

• Lymphocytes attack what?

  viruses or cancer cells
• What is the lymphatic system?

  Consists of lymph nodes and lymph vessels that carry lymph (a clear fluid right in antibodies). The spleen, thymus, and the tonsils are made of lymphoid tissue. It supports the immune system by housing and transporting white blood cells to and from lymph nodes. This system also returns fluid that has leaked from the cardiovascular system back into the blood vessels.
• Points of entry in the immune system

  Digestive system, respiratory system, urogenital tract, and a break in the skin
• urogenital tract

  Organs that function in excretion and reproduction.
• Routes of attack of the immune system

  circulatory system, lymph system
• Why do we have an immune system

  To protect us from microbial pathogens
• Cell are packages of

  Macromolecules
• What do animals defend themselves against

  Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protist
• The types of viruses

  HIV, Flu, cold, measles, chicken pox, SARS, Covid
• Types of bacteria

  Pneumonia, meningitis, tuberculosis
• Types of fungi

  yeast, mold, mushrooms, athletes foot
• Limes disease does no come from he tick itself but the bacteria that it

  Carries
• How can your immune system be attacked from the inside

  From abnormal body cells like cancer
• The lymph system is the

  Production and transport of leukocytes and traps foreign invaders
• Lymph vessels

  vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes
• Lymph node

  a small knob of tissue in the lymphatic system that filters lymph, trapping bacteria and other microorganisms that cause disease
• Why do lymph nodes become swollen when you are sick ?

  Because they are working over time and extremely hard to produce B and R cell
• pluripotent stem cells


  Stem cells that can become almost all types of tissues and cells in the body.
• myeloid stem cells

  give rise to red blood cells, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and platelets
• lymphoid stem cells

  produce lymphocytes like B and T cells
• Lymphocytes

  The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.
• B cells

  produce antibodies
• T cells

  Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.
• Basophils

  release histamine, inflammatory response
• Eosinophils

  a white blood cell containing granules that are readily stained by eosin. They fight parasites
• Neutrophils are

  Short lived phagocytes and they make up 60 - 70 % of WBC ; most abundant and have a 3 day life span
• Platelets

  blood clotting
• Erythrocytes


  red blood cells
• The first line of defense

  skin and mucous membranes
• The second line of defense

  protective cells and fluids; inflammation and phagocytosis - nonspecific; "patrolling soldiers"
• Leukocytes =

  Phagocytosis WBC
• Phagocytes


  A type of white blood cell that ingests invading microbes
• Macrophages

  Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream. "Big eater" and live long
• picocytosis

  cell drinking, when the cell samples they outside enviorment.
• Third line of defense

  immune response (lymphocytes and antibodies) aka b and T cells
• Helper T cells


  T cells that help the immune system by increasing the activity of killer cells and stimulating the suppressor T cells
• Killer T cells


  Lymphocytes that use enzymes to destroy the cell membranes of bacteria and other foreign invaders.
• Antibodies can be given to you by

  Vaccine or by past infection
• Bacteria and insects inherit

  Resistance
• Vertebrates acquire

  Immunity