KP - 36 Histologi Sistem Reproduksi Pria

• The male reproductive system includes the testes, which are responsible for sperm production via mitosis and meiosis.
• The genital ducts, including the epididymis, are responsible for the storage of sperm and the penis.
• The accessory glands, such as the seminal vesicle, prostate, and bulbourethral glands, support and transport sperm.
• The testes require a specific temperature regulation of below 37ºc.
• After the 2nd meiotic division, spermatoids go through four phases: Golgi phase, proacrosomal granule to form acrosomal vesicle near nuclear membrane; movement of centrioles.
• Reduction division after mitosis results in two nuclei.
• The time of crossing over is represented as C.
• Acrosomal phase, reorientation, condensation of nucleus and mitochondria for machette cylinder.
• Cap phase, formation of acrosomal cap in tight association with nuclear membrane.
• A spermatoid is a product of spermatogenesis, also known as spermiogenesis.
• The connective tissue system of the testes includes the Tunica vaginalis (outer), Tunica Albuginea (middle), and Tunica Vasculosa (inner).
• The testes are protected by a mediastinum, which is a part of the connective tissue system.
• The lobules of the testes contain the seminiferous for sperm production.
• The seminiferous tubules develop in cycles, with 74 days to maturation.
• The Tunica propria of the seminiferous tubules contains myoid cells (smooth muscle like and used for contraction of peristaltic to move sperm).
• The seminiferous tubules are located at the basal and luminal compartments, with spermatogonia and primary spermatocyte confined to the basal layer by tight junction.
• The seminal vesicles are located on the posterior bladder and secrete fluids and substances which constitute 60% of semen, their ducts join the ductus deferens.
• The prostate, the size and shape of a chestnut, encircles the first part of the urethra and consists of three types of glands that contribute to semen and PSA is measured as an indicator of prostate cancer.
• A high concentration of testosterone is necessary for maturation in the lumen.
• The seminiferous tubules lead to the epididymis, where sperm mature and gain the ability to swim.
• Sperm leave the testis through efferent ductules, which are lined by simple columnar epithelium and contain cilia and smooth muscle in the wall to help move sperm along.
• Sperm mature in the epididymus for 20 days, gaining the ability to swim and being able to be stored in the epididymus for several months.
• The epididymis contains the head, where the efferent ductules empty into the duct of the epididymus.
• Mature sperm have a head and tail region, undergo an acrosomal reaction for recognition and digestion, are secreted in fluid from Sertoli cells and are non-motile at this time.
• The bulbourethral glands secrete mucus during sexual excitement and ejaculation, contributing to lubrication.
• The ducts of the testes lead to the seminiferous tubules.
• The ductus deferens (vas deferens) is a pseudostratified epithelium with lots of mucosal infolding, containing thick layers of smooth muscle, and stores and transports sperm during ejaculation.
• The ductus deferens runs superiorly from the scrotum within the spermatic cord, through the inguinal canal and enters the pelvis.
• The duct of the epididymis is highly coiled and 6m long, and sperm are ejaculated from the epididymus, not directly from the testes.
• The basal laminae defines the blood-testes barrier and blocks certain molecules such as IgGs but others ok.
• Leydig cells are located in the interstitial tissue between the convoluted seminiferous tubules and constitute the endocrine component of the testis.
• Leydig cells synthesize and secrete testosterone and occur in clusters, which are variable in size and richly supplied by capillaries.
• Spermatogenesis consists of three phases: Spermatogonial Stem Cells divide, Committed Population of Cells to be Spermatogonia, and Histologically defined by appearance of nuclei & stain affinity.
• The prostate gland secretes prostat secretions which contain fructose, amino acids, ascorbate (antioxidant) and prostaglandins.
• The structure of the epithelium of the seminal vesicles can vary appearing columnar or pseudostratified columnar (columnar cells and basal cells).
• The skin of the penis is loose, with the prepuce or foreskin removed if circumcision.
• The seminal vesicles are paired tubular glands in a muscular and fibrous coat and they secrete viscus fluid for sperm metabolism, amino acids, ascorbate (antioxidant) and prostaglandins.
• The penis carries both urine and sperm, has erectile tissue, and is composed of the dorsal masses of the corpora cavernosa and the ventral corpora spongiosum, all covered by the tunica albuginea.
• The cross section of the penis includes the urethra (called the spongy or penile urethra here), the three erectile bodies, and the corpora cavernosa and pair of corpora cavernosa vessels and nerves.
• The penis consists of three parts: the root (attached), the free shaft or body, and the enlarged tip called the glans penis.