AO1

• • A gift token is given for every tidying act. Tokens are later swapped for privileges like films. They tackle personal care, condition-related behaviours, apathy, and social behaviours. Tokens are given immediately after desired behaviour. Target behaviours are decided individually based on knowledge of the person.
• They are given immediately because delayed rewards are less effective. Token economies improve quality of life within institutional settings, and normalises behaviour and encourages the return to normal behaviour.
• • maintains desirable behaviour and no longer reinforces bad behaviour. It reduces positive symptoms by not rewarding them.
  • Desirable behaviour includes self-care, talking, taking care of needs, work skills and treatment participation.
• Allyan and Azaim 1968 trialed a token economy in a ward of women with schizophrenia. They were given a token embossed with the words, one gift. They could then be swapped for rewards like watching a film. They found the number of tasks carried out increased significantly.
• The rationale for token economies is that Mattson et al. believe token economies tackle institutionalization by helping personal care. Helping condition related behaviours and helping social behaviours.