Pathology

• What is histology?

  The study of tissues
• Why is histology important?

  It aids in diagnosing diseases
• What are the four basic types of tissue?

  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue
• How many body systems are there?

  11 body systems
• What are the 11 body systems?

  1. Circulatory
  2. Nervous
  3. Digestive
  4. Lymphatic
  5. Respiratory
  6. Urinary
  7. Reproductive
  8. Endocrine
  9. Skeletal
  10. Muscular
  11. Integumentary
• What is the general function of epithelial tissue?

  Cover and line surfaces
• What is one function of epithelial tissue related to glands?

  Form glands and secrete substances
• How does epithelial tissue assist in absorption?

  By lining the intestines
• What role does epithelial tissue play in filtration?

  Filters substances in the kidneys
• How does epithelial tissue facilitate diffusion?

  By lining blood vessels
• What are the general characteristics of epithelial tissue?

  • Exposed to a free edge
  • Closely packed cells
  • Avascular
  • Attached to basement membrane
  • Regenerative
• How are epithelia classified?

  • By number of layers: Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified
  • By shape: Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Transitional
• What is the shape of simple squamous epithelium?

  Flat and thin cells
• What type of epithelium secretes mucus in the trachea?

  Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• What are the two types of glands in glandular epithelium?

  • Endocrine: Ductless, produce hormones
  • Exocrine: Secrete products onto surfaces or cavities
• What is the function of connective tissue?

  Wrap and protect organs
• What is one function of connective tissue related to nutrients?

  Storage of nutrients
• How does connective tissue provide support?

  By connecting and binding organs
• What is a characteristic of connective tissue related to immune function?

  Provides immune function
• What are the general characteristics of connective tissue?

  • Ground substance
  • Fibers: Collagen, Elastic, Reticular
  • Specialized cells
• What are the types of connective tissue?

  • Fibrous connective tissue
  • Supporting connective tissue
  • Fluid connective tissue
• What are the three types of muscle tissue?

  Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac
• What is the general function of muscle tissue?

  Contract for body movement
• What is the function of nervous tissue?

  Send electrical signals
• What are the types of cells in nervous tissue?

  • Neurons
  • Neuroglia (support cells)
• What are the tips for tissue identification?

  • Find a free edge (Epithelial)
  • Look for distinct cell shapes (Epithelial)
  • Look for fibers (Connective)
  • Look for ground substance (Connective)
  • Identify cellular projections (Nervous)
  • Check for striations (Muscle)
• What is the primary function of red blood cells (RBCs)?

  To supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
• Which part of blood helps fight infection?

  White blood cells
• What prevents vascular leaking in blood?

  Platelets and plasma
• What are the key components of RBC histology?

  • Stained with Romanowsky stain
  • Methylene blue stains nuclei purple
  • No nucleus
  • Eosin stains cytoplasmic proteins pink
  • Full of haemoglobin
  • No mitochondria
  • Biconcave discs, 7-12µm, ~90fL
• What happens when the physiology of RBCs goes wrong?

  It results in disease or disorders
• What are the 3 main functions of blood?

  Transport oxygen, fight infection, prevent vascular leaking
• What is the normal range for red blood cell count?

  4-6 x 10^12 /L
• What is the normal size range for red blood cells?

  7-12 µm, ~90 fL
• What is the main function of red blood cells?

  Transport oxygen bound to haemoglobin around the body
• What is the definition of anaemia?

  Reduced haemoglobin concentration in the blood
• What are the 4 common causes of anaemia?

  Acute bleeding, chronic bleeding, iron deficiency, folate/B12 deficiency
• What are the 4 main signs and symptoms of anaemia?

  Shortness of breath, tachycardia, pallor, fatigue
• What are the 3 key pieces of information that can be obtained from a full blood count (FBC) to diagnose anaemia?

  Presence of anaemia, haemoglobin concentration, cause/class of anaemia
• What are the 5 main types of white blood cells?

  Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils