Block 1

• cingulate gyrus important for emotive memory
• Wernicke’s (receptive) aphasia – poor comprehension of speech, speak fluently but “word salad” – makes no sense to us or them
• Broca’s (expressive) aphasia – good comprehension but difficulty forming words and slow speech (patient gets frustrated)
• Temporal lobe is also involved in memory formation and storage,

  and tends to be a common locus for epilepsy.
• Wernicke and Broca

  A) arcuate fasciculus

  B) angular gyrus

  C) broca area

  D) Wernicke area

  
• brain

  A) cerebral peduncle

  
• dead man name ventricle

  A) interventricular foramina of Monro

  B) central aqueduct of sylvius

  C) formina of luschka

  D) foramina of magendie

  E) luscka

  F) magendie

  
• (Dorsal) Striatum is made of putamen and caudate nucleus
• (Dorsal) Striatum - Divided in sections by white matter called “internal capsule”
• Posterior limb of internal capsule separates lenticular nucleus from thalamus
• Anterior limb of internal capsule separates lenticular nucleus from caudate
• Ventral Striatum = nucleus accumbens + olfactory tubercle
• Corpus Striatum = dorsal striatum (putamen + caudate) + globus pallidus
• Lenticular Nucleus = putamen + globus pallidus
• Basal ganglia = corpus striatum (putamen + caudate + globus pallidus) + substantia nigra + subthalamic nucleus (+ nucleus accumbens)
• The putamen and caudate nucleus form the largest portions of the basal ganglia
• Putamen receives sensory and motor information somatotopically, and appears to be more concerned with control and integration of motor functions.
• thalamic nuclei function - relay neurons, relay information between the brain and spinal cord
• thalamic nuclei disorder - disruption causes loss of sensory and motor function
• loss of basal ganglia causes dyskinesia - involuntary movement
• HAL - head, arm, legs

  A) primary somatomotor cortex

  B) primary somatosensory cortex

  
• Cerebellum, controls Force, Direction, Speed
• cranial nerve

  A) 1,2

  B) 3,4,5

  C) 5,7,8,9,10,11,12

  D) 5,6,7,8

  
• funiculus is a larger bundling of fasciculi or fascicles vs. fasciculus refers to the pathways of axons that travel up and down the spinal cord or in brain
• Major Internal Fasciculi (fiber bundles)

  A) superior longitudinal fasciculus

  B) arcuate fasciculus

  C) fronto-occipital fasciculus

  D) inferior longitudinal fasciculus

  E) uncinate fasciculus

  
• internal capsule

  A) anterior limb of internal capsule

  B) genu of internal capsule

  C) posterior limb of internal capsule

  
• Thalamocortical fibers (frontal) & Corticostriate fibers

  run in the Anterior Limb

  
• Corticobulbar (corticonuclear) fibers run in the Genu
• Corticospinal and some Thalamocortical (sensory) fibers

  run in the Posterior Limb

  
• Posterior commissure connects Midbrain & Diencephalon structures
• Posterior commissure interconnects the Pretectal nuclei, mediating the consensual pupillary light reflex, and runs across the midline on the dorsal aspect of the upper end of the

  cerebral aqueduct

  
• In the absence of sufficient glucose, the brain (esp. pediatric) can use ketone bodies acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate
• Anterior Commissure connects the middle & inferior temporal gyri of the two hemispheres and the two (limbic) amygdalae
• Anterior Commissure runs across the midline just in front of the fornix
• Vitamin A (Retinol) deficiency - causes vision problems such as night blindness (nyctalopia).
• vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency causes beriberi (loss of motor coordination; paralysis), Wernicke’s encephalopathy (early) and Korsakoff Syndrome (late) end with severe neuronal loss.
• Vitamin B3 -(Niacin) deficiency causes pellagra = mental problems (disorientation, confusion, depression, memory deficit, mania, paranoia
• vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency causes abnormal touch sensations, mania, convulsions; abnormal EEG recordings
• Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency causes degeneration of white matter in the cerebral hemispheres and blood disorder
• What is a Striate Nucleus?

  Caudate Nucleus and Putamen