Geography GCSE Paper 1

• 3.1.1.1 ~natural hazards~HAZARD RISK


  The probability or chance that a natural hazard may take place.
• 3.1.1.1 ~natural hazards~NATURAL HAZARD

  A natural event (for example an earthquake, volcanic eruption, tropical storm, flood) that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage, destruction and death.

  
• 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~CONSERVATIVE PLATE MARGIN

  Tectonic plate margin where two tectonic plates slide past each other.

  
• 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~CONSTRUCTIVE PLATE MARGIN


  Tectonic plate margin where rising magma adds new material to plates that are diverging or moving apart.

  
• 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~DESTRUCTIVE PLATE MARGIN


  Tectonic plate margin where two plates are converging or coming together and oceanic plate is subducted. It can be associated with violent earthquakes and explosive volcanoes.

  
• 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~EARTHQUAKE

  A sudden or violent movement within the Earth's crust followed by a series of shocks.

  
• 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~IMMEDIATE RESPONSES

  The reaction of people as the disaster happens and in the immediate aftermath.

  
• 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~LONG-TERM RESPONSES

  Later reactions that occur in the weeks, months and years after the event.

  
• 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~MONITORING

  Recording physical changes, such as earthquake tremors around a volcano, to help forecast when and where a natural hazard might strike.

  
• 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~PLATE MARGIN

  The margin or boundary between two tectonic plates.
• 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~PLANNING

  Actions taken to enable communities to respond to, and recover from, natural disasters, through measures such as emergency evacuation plans, information management, communications and warning systems

  
• 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~PREDICTION

  Attempts to forecast when and where a natural hazard will strike, based on current knowledge. This can be done to some extent for volcanic eruptions (and tropical storms), but less reliably for earthquakes.

  
• 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~PRIMARY EFFECTS

  The initial impact of a natural event on people and property, caused directly by it, for instance the ground buildings collapsing following an earthquake.

  
• 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazardsPROTECTION

  Actions taken before a hazard strikes to reduce its impact, such as educating people or improving building design.

  
• 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~SECONDARY EFFECTS

  The after-effects that occur as indirect impacts of a natural event, sometimes on a longer timescale, for instance fires due to ruptured gas mains resulting from the ground shaking.

  
• 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~TECTONIC HAZARD

  A natural hazard caused by movement of tectonic plates (including volcanoes and earthquakes).

  
• 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~TECTONIC PLATE

  A rigid segment of the Earth's crust which can 'float' across the heavier, semimolten rock below. Continental plates are less dense, but thicker than oceanic plates.

  
• 3.1.1.2 ~tectonic hazards~VOLCANO

  An opening in the Earth's crust from which lava, ash and gases erupt.

  
• 3.1.1.3 ~weather hazards~ECONOMIC IMPACT


  The effect of an event on the wealth of an area or community.

  
• 3.1.1.3 ~weather hazards~ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

  Th effect of an event on the landscape and ecology of the surrounding area.

  
• 3.1.1.3 ~weather hazards~EXTREME WEATHER

  This is when a weather event is significantly different from the average or usual weather pattern, and is especially severe or unseasonal. This may take place over one day or a period of time. A severe snow blizzard or heat wave are two examples of extreme weather in the UK.

  
• 3.1.1.3 ~weather hazards~GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION


  The worldwide system of winds, which transports heat from tropical to polar latitudes. In each hemisphere, air also circulates through the entire depth of the troposphere which extends up to 15 km.

  
• 3.1.1.3 ~weather hazards~MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

  Techniques of controlling, responding to, or dealing with an event.
• 3.1.1.3 ~weather hazards~SOCIAL IMPACT


  The effect of an event on the lives of people or community.

  
• 3.1.1.3 ~weather hazards~TROPICAL STORM (hurricane, cyclone, typhoon)

  An area of low pressure with winds moving in a spiral around the calm central point called the eye of the storm. Winds are powerful and rainfall is heavy.

  
• 3.1.1.4 ~climate change~ADAPTATION

  Actions taken to adjust to natural events such as climate change, to reduce potential damage, limit the impacts, take advantage of opportunities, or cope with the consequences.

  
• 3.1.1.4 ~climate change~CLIMATE CHANGE

  A long-term change in the earth's climate, especially a change due to an increase in the average atmospheric temperature.

  
• 3.1.1.4 ~climate change~MITIGATION

  Action taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from natural hazards, such as building earthquake-proof buildings or making international agreements about carbon reduction targets.

  
• 3.1.1.4 ~climate change~ORBITAL CHANGES

  Changes in the pathway of the Earth around the Sun.

  
• 3.1.1.4 ~climate change~QUATERNARY PERIOD

  The period of geological time from about 2.6 million years ago to the present. It is characterized by the appearance and development of humans and includes the Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs.

  
• 3.1.2.1 ~ecosystems~ABIOTIC

  Relating to non-living things.

  
• 3.1.2.1 ~ecosystems~BIOTIC

  Relating to living things.

  
• 3.1.2.1 ~ecosystems~CONSUMER


  A creature that eats herbivores and/or plant matter.

  
• 3.1.2.1 ~ecosystems~DECOMPOSER

  An organism such as a bacterium or fungus, that breaks down dead tissue, which is then recycled to the environment.

  
• 3.1.2.1 ~ecosystems~ECOSYSTEM


  A community of plants and animals that interact with each other and their physical environment.

  
• 3.1.2.1 ~ecosystems~FOOD CHAIN

  The connections between different organisms (plants and animals) that rely on one another as their source of food.

  
• 3.1.2.1 ~ecosystems~FOOD WEB

  A complex hierarchy of plants and animals relying on each other for food.

  
• 3.1.2.1 ~ecosystems~NUTRIENT CYCLING

  A set of processes whereby organisms extract minerals necessary for growth from soil or water, before passing them on through the food chain - and ultimately back to the soil and water.

  
• 3.1.2.1 ~ecosystems~GLOBAL ECOSYSTEM


  Very large ecological areas on the earth's surface (or biomes), with fauna and flora (animals and plants) adapting to their environment. Examples include tropical rainforest and hot desert.

  
• 3.1.2.1 ~ecosystems~PRODUCER

  An organism or plant that is able to absorb energy from the sun through photosynthesis.