Total War

• Revolutionary Wars


  Quote: 'Every Frenchman is permanently requisitioned for the needs of the army' FR Convention 1793

  Nation in arms - Levee en Masse

  Civilians were always involved in warfare and atrocities had always happene
• Napoleonic Wars


  Lack of developments in areas such as weaponry and technology limiting how much it can be total war

  Continental system - limited trade so affected prices
• American Civil War


  Sherman’s March to the Sea - $ 100 mil damage & high costs overall

  Lincoln’s emancipation of slaves in January 1863 meant that the south would need social reconstructing
• Small Wars


  Roon expanded the Prussian army by conscripting all classes and extending the period to 3 yrs (previously 2), followed by 4 years in the reserves

  Other armies relied on small numbers of long term regulars – thus the Prussians recruits were better educated and better trained than any other

  By 1862 the Prussians had doubled the size of their army and dramatically increased its war budget.
• WW1


  DORA – the government gave themselves and the military pretty powerful powers

  Growing nationalism led to it occurring so the public were in a way manipulated – also conscription was brought in from 1916

  Use of Technology – In WW1, First German naval bombardments of British towns, then Zeppelins - These killed 557

  The rise in education and communications tech means that the civilian population is more aware of the warfare

  Ministry of Blockade – civilian products being more heavily targeted
• WW2


  Deliberate targeting of civilians - Blitz, Dresden, the A Bombs

  Huge use of Propaganda to ensure the war was fought to the bitter end.

  New Heights of State Power – Nationalism and business/military links escalated

  Size of mobilised armies, scale of warfare BATTLE of Kursk took place over 166x99 miles and had half a million German casualties