Org state of war

• Revolutionary Wars


  Loss of highly trained officers in French regular army due to Revolution

  Concept of Nation in Arms not new, but Revolution allowed practical implementation

  By 1794, French army had 800,000 men (10x normal European Army)

  Introduction of new paper currency, Assignats, based on confiscated property value

  Inflation controlled through price controls and execution of profiteers

  State acquired more powers than previous monarchy to wage war

  Despite successes, discontent in France evident: 20,000 desertions annually
• Napoleonic Wars


  Napoleon's Military Reforms: Expanded artillery significantly, casualty rates (20% by 1814)

  Artillery and Casualties: Battle of Wagram showcased mass cannon use (500 each side) resulting in heavy casualties.

  Napoleon's Russian campaign: deployed 600,000 men, suffered 500,000 casualties, yet raised another substantial army for Leipzig (73,000 French casualties, 400,000 artillery rounds fired by each side).

  State Power and Warfare: Large-scale warfare necessitated taxation and loans. State control over criticism and resistance, economic warfare, and population engagement varied
• American Civil War(4)


  Challenges Faced by the Confederacy: Initial enthusiasm waned; forced conscription met resistance.

  Taxes and loans raised: widespread money printing caused inflation.

  Northern State Control: Suspension of civil rights and arrests of dissenters/opponents were harsher.

  Less chance to avoid conscription in the North.

  Economic Measures in the North: introduction of new banking system with 'greenback' currency kept inflation in check.

  Social Change: Ending slavery in Southern areas marked a significant shift.
• WW1


  Pre-1914 advancements boosted state power: Modern communications fueled nationalism and commitment to victory. Improved infrastructure reduced conscription evasion.

  Examples like Britain's Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) showcased unprecedented state involvement.

  Collaboration between government and industry streamlined wartime efforts.

  Engaging the entire population, including women in factories and nurses, became a priority.

  Big Business played a crucial role in supporting the war

  Economic warfare, exemplified by the British Naval Blockade and the German U-boat blockade
• WW2


  Dictatorships: Stalin had control over production rates, BATTLE Siege of Leningrad. Operations under Stalin often disregarded civilians

  Total War: Britain = mobilizing women, conscripting soldiers, rationing, controlling transportation, evacuating children, and managing finance. Propaganda played a significant role

  State Power: Nationalism, buisnesses military, and government.

  Amphibious Warfare: Amphibious landings became crucial, allowing for invasion and beachhead establishment. The scale and complexity of such operations highlighted the evolving nature of warfare during WW2.