CHEMISTRY

• Chemistry is the science that deals with the properties, composition, and structures of matter, the changes it undergoes, and the laws and principles which govern these changes.
• Branches of Chemistry ( O I A P B )

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Biochemistry
• TOPIC: BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY

  Organic Chemistry - Mostly concerned with the study of chemicals containing the element carbon.
• TOPICS: BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY

  Inorganic Chemistry - The study of all elements and compounds other than organic compounds
• TOPICS: BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY

  Analytical Chemistry - The study of qualitative (What is present?) and quantitative (How much is present?) analysis of elements and compounds.
• TOPIC: BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY

  Physical Chemistry - The study of reaction rates, mechanisms, bonding and structure, and thermodynamics.
• TOPIC: BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY

  Biochemistry - The study of the chemical reactions that happen within the biological process.
• TOPIC: MATTER

  Matter - It is anything that occupies space and has mass.
• TOPIC: MATTER

  All matter has volume (amount of space it occupies) and mass (amount of matter it contains).
• TOPIC: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

  Intrinsic

  • These are properties that distinguish a substance from another substance.
• TOPIC: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

  Intrinsic

  • Examples: boiling point, acidity, sweetness, hardness, odor, and density.
• TOPIC: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

  Extrinsic

  • These are properties that depend on the amount of matter observed.
• TOPIC: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

  Extrinsic

  • Examples: height, weight, volume, shape, temperature, and length.
• TOPIC: MASS AND ENERGY RELATION

  Albert Einstein proved that an increase in mass generates an increase in energy and a decrease in mass generates a decrease in energy.
• TOPIC: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

  When only the physical properties of a substance change, the change is called a physical change
• TOPIC: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

  when the identity of the substance is altered, the change is called a chemical change
• TOPIC: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

  Chemical changes produce new kinds of matter.
• TOPIC: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

  In a chemical change (chemical reaction), the mass of the reactants is always the same as the mass of the products. This is called the Law of Conservation of Mass.
• TOPIC: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

  Evidence of a chemical change are as follows:

  • evolution of heat and light
  • evolution of a gas
  • formation of a precipitate production of mechanical energy production of electrical energy
• TOPIC: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

  Law of Definite Composition/Proportion

  • Elements combine in ratios of simple whole numbers to form a compound
• TOPIC: LAW OF DEFINITE COMPOSITION / PROPORTION

  Law of Definite Composition/Proportion

  • This law also means that every sample of a given substance always contains the same proportion by mass of its constituent elements
• TOPIC: LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS

  The Law of Multiple Proportions states that, when two elements combine to form two or more different compounds, if the amount of one element is constant, the masses of the other element in the different compounds are in ratios of small whole numbers.
• TOPIC: ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

  During chemical reactions, energy is either released or absorbed.
• TOPIC: ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

  Chemical reactions are generally classified into two types:

  •   Endothermic
  •   Exothermic
• TOPIC: ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

  Chemical reactions are generally classified into two types:

  •   Endothermic
  •   Exothermic
• TOPIC: ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

  Endothermic

  • A reaction whereby energy is absorbed or taken in.
• TOPIC: ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

  Endothermic

  • Examples: electroplating (coating of a metal on another material) and electrolysis
• TOPIC: ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

  Exothermic

  • A reaction resulting in the release of energy.
• TOPIC: ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

  Exothermic

  • Examples: production of flash bulbs, batteries, dynamites, and oxyacetylene torches
• TOPIC: ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

  The series of chemical steps involved in a chemical reaction is known as the reaction mechanism.

  
  

  The minimum amount of energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction is known as the activation energy.
• TOPIC: ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

  The total amount of heat released or absorbed is known as the heat of reaction. 
• TOPIC: ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

  A negative value for a ΔH measurement is assigned to exothermic reactions

  A positive ΔH is assigned to endothermic reactions.
• TOPIC: ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

  The rate of a chemical reaction as well as the equilibrium between reactants and products is based on numerous factors, including temperature, concentration of reactants, pressure, and the presence of catalysts and/or inhibitors.

  
  

  Knowledge of Le Chatelier's Principle is important in understanding equilibrium situations.
• TOPIC: ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

  Chemical equilibrium represents a state of balance between reactants and products. Altering any of the experimental conditions forces the system to shift and establish a new equilibrium.
• TOPIC: PURE SUBSTANCE

  A pure substance is either an element or a compound. It is identified by its physical properties. Elements are always present in the same ratio in a given compound.
• TOPIC: PURE SUBSTANCE

  The properties of a compound are usually quite different from those of the elements of which it is composed. Chemical methods are required to separate compounds into their constituent elements.
• TOPIC: ELEMENT

  The element is the simplest form of substance that cannot be decomposed anymore.
• TOPIC: ELEMENT

  It is classified as follows: ( M NM M )

  • Metals
  • Nonmetals
  • Metalloids
• TOPIC: ELEMENT

  Metals

  • Hard and shiny elements that are good conductors of heat and electricity.
• TOPIC: ELEMENT

  Metals

  • They tend to lose electrons.