History

• Zemstvos were elected local assemblies, set up in Russia in 1864 to administer local affairs.
• The working class is a socio-economic group consisting of those engaged in waged labour, especially manual work or industry, who typically do not have much money.
• A tsar is the Russian word for emperor; can also be spelled 'czar'.
• The upper class is a socio-economic group consisting of the richest people in a society who are wealthy because they own land or property.
• An ultimatum is a final demand, with the threat of consequences if it is not met.
• Consolidate means to strengthen a position, often politically, by bringing several things together into a more effective whole.
• Constitutional means relating to the constitution.
• Communism is the belief, based on the ideas of Karl Marx, that all people should be equal in society without government, money or private property.
• Constitution refers to the rules, laws or principles that set out how a country is governed.
• A communist is a believer in communism.
• Conservative is someone who dislikes change and prefers traditional values.
• In a communist society, everything is owned by the people, and each person receives according to need.
• Coup is a sudden, violent and illegal overthrow of the government by a small group - for example, the chiefs of an army.
• Conscription is mandatory enlistment of people into a state service, usually the military.
• The choices made at events and situations during this era are also covered in the text.
• The study focuses on the crucial events and people of this period, as well as studying the different social, cultural, political, economic, military and religious changes that occurred.
• Enquiry 1 in Russia, 1905-41 investigates why Tsar Nicholas II's reign ended in 1917.
• The study develops the skills of explaining, analysing and making judgements about events, beliefs, people and situations.
• The key people involved in the period are also covered in the text.
• The timings of key events are also covered in the text.
• The study uses the concepts of cause, consequences, change, continuity, similarity, difference and significance to construct valid historical explanations.
• The reasons behind key events are also covered in the text.
• Abdication is occasionally seen within an answer, which means that if needed, an explanation of the word or phrase can be found in the glossary on page 17.
• Russia, 1905-41 is the depth study that investigates why and how the tsarist regime collapsed in 1917 and was transformed into a communist dictatorship between 1917 and 1941.
• The study investigates themes such as power, law and order, revolution, government, censorship, propaganda, art and culture, communism, dictatorship, economy and society.
• Enquiry 4 in Russia, 1905-41 studies Stalin's economic policies and their impact on the USSR.
• Enquiry 3 in Russia, 1905-41 investigates Stalin's rise to power and how he created a personal dictatorship.
• Enquiry 2 in Russia, 1905-41 studies how and why the Bolsheviks gained and consolidated power from 1917 to 1924.
• Tudor is occasionally seen within an answer, which means that if needed, a subject within the answer is covered in more depth on a different page.
• The study helps to understand the complexities of political change and control.
• The key events and themes of the period are covered in the text.
• The significance of events, situations, and recurrent trends and themes are also covered in the text.
• The way in which events, situations and trends occur are also covered in the text.
• Political Parties
• Decree on Land, 1917
• The Octobrist Party - Octobrists
• Peter Stolypin
• Russia in the First World War
• The Provisional Government
• Causes and Events of 1905 Revolution