BIOLOGY

• 4 CO 2 , 6 NADH, 2 FADH 2 , and 4 ATP are removed from pyruvate to produce a two-carbon molecule.
• After glycolysis, 3, 12, 32, or 214 ATP can be produced.
• Oxaloacetate, Malate, Citrate, and Succinate are six-carbon compounds.
• Liver, Heart, Skeletal muscle, and Bacterium can produce GTP.
• There are two pathways that can occur after glycolysis, one of which involves the presence of oxygen.
• If oxygen is available, oxidation of pyruvate and Krebs cycle will commence, producing few ATP molecules.
• The second process of glucose metabolism involves the Krebs Cycle.
• The Krebs Cycle is a series of chemical reactions that occur within the mitochondria.
• The Krebs Cycle produces ATP.
• The Krebs Cycle consists of ten steps.
• The Krebs Cycle begins with the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.
• These hydrogen atoms are transferred to FAD, forming FADH2.
• Succinate is converted into fumarate through dehydration, resulting in the release of hydrogen atoms.
• GTP has an equal amount of energy with ATP but is particularly used in protein synthesis.
• The points in the Krebs cycle where electrons are released and picked up by electron carriers, NAD+ and FAD, are energy carrier-generating steps.
• The Krebs Cycle continues with the conversion of acetyl-CoA to CoA.
• Krebs cycle produces a total of 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP.
• Malate is oxidized and regenerates oxaloacetate, producing another NADH.
• Fumarate is converted into malate through the addition of water molecules.
• The other forms of enzyme produce GTP and are found in tissues where there is a high rate of anabolic pathways, such as the liver.
• The Krebs Cycle involves the conversion of CoA to oxaloacetate.
• The Krebs Cycle ends with the conversion of oxaloacetate to CO2.
• The Krebs Cycle produces ATP through a process known as chemiosmosis.
• The Krebs Cycle is a crucial part of cellular respiration.
• The Krebs Cycle is also known as the Citric Acid Cycle.
• The Krebs Cycle is named after its discoverer, Dr. Krebs.
• The Krebs Cycle is a key part of the electron transport system.
• The Krebs Cycle is a part of the chemiosmosis process.
• The Krebs Cycle is a crucial part of the electron transport system.
• NADH is formed after NAD + picks up electrons during the oxidation of the hydroxyethyl group to an acetyl group.
• The correct chemical reaction to produce ATP is ADP + Pi  ATP.
• The pyruvate oxidation which results to the production of acetyl CoA happens in the mitochondrial matrix.
• The pyruvate produced during glycolysis cannot proceed yet to the next step of cellular respiration and needs to undergo oxidation process first before entering the Krebs cycle.
• The acetyl group is picked up and activated by coenzyme A (CoA) resulting to the production of acetyl CoA molecule.
• In the first step of the Krebs Cycle, the acetyl group of acetyl CoA (2-carbon compound) combines with oxaloacetate (4- carbon compound) to form citrate (6-carbon compound) with CoA attached to a sulfhydryl group (-SH) and diffusing away.
• In the second step of the Krebs Cycle, citrate is transformed into its isomer, isocitrate, entailing the loss of one water molecule and gaining of another water molecule.
• In the fifth step of the Krebs Cycle, succinyl CoA is converted to succinate, and phosphorylation also occurs during the conversion process producing either ATP or GTP.
• Citric acid is the first substance produced in the cycle, hence it is also called Citric Acid Cycle.
• α -glutarate is converted into succinyl group which binds to CoA forming succinyl CoA.
• The conversion of succinyl CoA to succinate is catalyzed by two forms of isoenzymes, one form of the enzyme produces ATP and is found in tissues that consumes large amounts of ATP, such as skeletal and heart muscle.