Structure and function of monosaccharides

• Why is glucose an important molecule in biology?

  Glucose is a primary energy source and building block for other biomolecules
• What are the key characteristics of monosaccharides based on their classification?

  • Classified by number of carbons: trioses (3) to heptoses (7)
  • Functional groups:
  • Aldoses: contain aldehyde group
  • Ketoses: contain ketone group
  • General formula: CnH2nOn
• How are the carbon atoms in glucose structured in the linear form?

  They are arranged in a chain
• How could you determine if a monosaccharide is an aldose or a ketose?

  • Look at the position of the carbonyl group
  • Aldoses have the carbonyl at the end
  • Ketoses have the carbonyl in the middle
• Why are monosaccharides important for energy?

  They provide quick energy
• How many carbon atoms are in the linear form of glucose?

  Six carbon atoms
• What are the key features of monosaccharides?

  • Simple carbohydrate unit
  • Forms disaccharides and polysaccharides
  • Common examples: glucose, fructose, galactose
• How does the ring structure of galactose differ from glucose?

  Galactose has a different ring structure
• What groups are each carbon atom in glucose bonded to?

  Hydroxyl groups (OH)
• What is the aldose (aldosugar) of a triose monosaccharide?

  Glyceraldehyde
• What is the name of the monosaccharide with 3 carbons?

  Triose
• What are the two classifications of monosaccharides?

  By number of carbons and functional group type
• What type of functional group do aldoses contain?

  Aldehyde group
• What is the molecular formula of glucose?

  C6H12O6
• What are the names and number of carbons for the different monosaccharides?

  • Triose: 3 carbons
  • Tetrose: 4 carbons
  • Pentose: 5 carbons
  • Hexose: 6 carbons
  • Haptose: 7 carbons
• How does the 3D structure of glucose compare to the structures of other monosaccharides like fructose or galactose?

  While they have the same molecular formula, the arrangement of atoms differs, leading to different properties
• What are the key features of the galactose structure?

  • Hexagonal ring with 5 carbon atoms and 1 oxygen atom
  • 4 hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to the carbon atoms
  • Molecular formula: C6H12O6
• How are the specific properties of each monosaccharide determined?

  By the bonding of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• How many carbons are in a triose monosaccharide?

  3
• What is the formula for glucose?

  C6H12O6
• What does the variable *n* represent in the formula CnH2nOn?

  The number of carbon atoms
• What is the chemical structure of glucose?

  • 6 carbon atoms
  • 12 hydrogen atoms
  • 6 oxygen atoms
  • Arranged in a ring structure
• How do monosaccharides link together in biological systems?

  • They form larger carbohydrates
  • Serve structural roles
  • Example: Cellulose in plant cell walls
• What colors represent the different atoms in the glucose structure?

  • Red: Oxygen
  • Gray: Hydrogen
  • Black: Carbon
• What type of functional group do ketoses contain?

  Ketone group
• What is the source of glucose in biological systems?

  Bloodstream
• How many hydroxyl groups does galactose have?

  Five hydroxyl groups
• How does fructose differ from glucose in terms of functional groups?

  Fructose has a ketone group, glucose has an aldehyde
• What is the range of carbon numbers in monosaccharides?

  From trioses with 3 carbons to heptoses with 7
• What are monosaccharides commonly known as?

  Simple sugars
• How is glucose used in cells?

  For instant energy
• What are the structural differences between alpha-D-Glucose and beta-D-Glucose?

  • Alpha-D-Glucose has the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon in the axial position
  • Beta-D-Glucose has the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon in the equatorial position
• How does the position of the OH group on carbon 4 in glucose compare to that in galactose?

  In glucose, it faces down
• What is the name of the molecule shown in the image?

  Glucose
• What is the general difference between aldoses and ketoses?

  • Aldoses have a carbonyl group at the end (aldehyde)
  • Ketoses have a carbonyl group in the middle (ketone)
• How could you use the 3D model of glucose to predict its chemical reactivity?

  The arrangement of atoms and presence of functional groups indicates potential reaction sites
• What is the ketose (keto sugar) of a triose monosaccharide?

  Dihydroxy acetone
• What is the chemical formula for beta-D-Glucose?

  C₆H₁₂O₆
• What are the roles of monosaccharides in biological systems?

  • Energy Provider: Rapidly supplies cells with ATP
  • Structural Component: Forms chains for polysaccharides
  • Metabolism Facilitator: Regulates energy conversion
• What are monosaccharides the building blocks for?

  Disaccharides and polysaccharides