Re-entry

• Life is organized, meaning everything is inter-related with one another.
• Life requires energy to grow, develop and reproduce. This energy can be obtained and used.
• Life maintains internal constancy. Organisms need to keep conditions inside their body as constant as possible. This process is called homeostasis.
• Life produces itself, grows and develops. This process is called reproduction
• Growth can increase a cell's size is 2 ways: the increase in the number of cells and the increase in the size of the cells.
• Development involves changes that occur during growth. It includes physical development (growing bigger) and maturation (becoming more complex).
• Life evolves, meaning organisms must adapt to changes in their environment or risk becoming extinct.
• Evolution is the change in the whole population while mutation is the change in one organism.
• An organism is a living being if it exhibits the characteristics of life
• The 7 life processes include movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, and nutrition.
• Living beings are made up of cells
• The cell theory states that all living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
• Light micrographs have a low resolution while electron micrographs have a high resolution (detailed).
• This is a prokaryotic cell. Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without any compartments. They contain single stranded DNA (RNA)and undergo binary fission as a form of reproduction.

  A) plasma membrane

  B) cell wall

  C) pilus

  D) nucleiod

  E) ribosomes

  F) falgellum

  G) cytoplasm

  
• This is a eukaryotic cell. It evolved from prokaryotic cells via endosymbiosis and are compartmentalized by membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes contain double stranded DNA and undergo mitosis and meiosis as a form of reproduction.

  A) nucleus

  B) Endoplasmic Reticulum

  C) cytoplasm

  D) cell membrane

  E) DNA

  F) Lysosome

  G) Ribosome

  H) Mitochondria

  I) Gogi Apparatus

  
• There are 2 types of prokaryotic cells: Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. Archaebacteria are found in extreme temperatures, salt concentrations, or pH. While Eubacteria are just traditional bacteria.
• Examples of eukaryotic cells include fungi, plant, animal, and protozoans.
• The plasma or cell membrane is one of the common features of all cells. They aid in the protection of the cell and the regulation of the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
• The phospholipid bilayer is one of the common features of all cells. They are made up of phospholipids and found in the cell membrane. Thus, they are the main reason why the cellular membrane can regulate transport.
• Transport proteins are one of the common features of all cells. They are responsible for transporting bigger molecules. They serve a variety of different functions: (JETRAT)

  A) Intercellular Joinings

  B) Enzymatic Activities

  C) Transport (Active/Passive)

  D) Cell-cell recognition

  E) Attatchment

  F) Signal transduction

  
• Cholesterol is one of common features of all cells. It helps maintain proper fluidity.
• The nucleus controls all activity in the cell. It contains the cell's genetic material (DNA)

  A) Nuclear pores

  B) Nucleolus

  C) Nuclear envelope

  
• The mRNA exit out of the nuclear pores for transcription.
• The gogi apparatus finishes the process of the protein/enzyme by attaching sugar/carbohydrates to it.
• Finalized proteins are carried out of the cell, into the extracellular matrix, with the help of the secretory vesicle.
• Finalized enzymes are packaged into vesicles then turned into lysosomes, which is the process of breaking down large organic molecules that come from outside the cell.
• The mRNA will then travel through the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (studded with ribosomes) to produce proteins OR it will travel through the Soft Endoplasmic Reticulum (no ribosomes) to produce lipids, enzymes, and hormones.
• The protein/enzyme will be carried to the gogi apparatus through a vesicle.
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum produces proteins and are studded with ribosomes
• Soft Endoplasmic Reticulum don't have any ribosomes, produces lipids, enzymes, and hormones
• The gogi apparatus modifies proteins and enzymes by attatching sugars or carbohydrates to it
• Lysosomes carry enzymes that break down large molecules and organelles. They are not present in plant cells
• Cytoskeletons aid in cell movement and cell shape
• Mitochondria produces ATP via aerobic respiration
• Chloroplasts are only found in plant cells and produces glucose as stored energy via photosynthesis
• Vacuoles store materials, waste, and water in plants and animals. Central vacuole for plants and small vacuoles in animals
• Free ribosomes float in the cytoplasm for protein synthesis
• Peroxisome is in most animal cells and break down fatty acids.
• The common features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are plasma membranes, genetic material, many activity in the cell is a chemical reaction because of enzymes, and cells have their own energy release system (respiration for animals and fermentation for plants)