FLUID REGULATION

• TRANSPIRATION

  • This is the process wherein water exits the plant through the stomata of the leaves because of evaporation.
  • As water evaporates through the stomata, it creates a negative pressure, exerting a pulling force that draws the water upward.
• As the water and nutrients get inside the xylem, adhesion occurs because the water molecules cling to the xylem tissue.
• cohesion occurs because the water molecules stick to one another.

  • the water molecules may form a huge chain that fills up an entire column in the xylem.
• Capillary Action

  This refers to the movement of liquid across a solid surface, which is caused by adhesion . The narrow xylem tubes allow the water molecules to climb up on their own because the water molecules adhere to the surface of the xylem tubes .
• MARINE INVERTEBRATES

  • The marine environment has a greater solute concentration than the body of marine invertebrates.
  • For this reason, seawater may be toxic to them.
  • However, marine invertebrates, such as lobsters have a high concentration of solute in their blood, which matches the tonicity of the water. This allows the animals to survive in their environment.
• MARINE VERTEBRATES

  • The body fluids of marine vertebrates, such as tunas and marine eels, are at a lower concentration than that of seawater, which is why marine vertebrates must reabsorb the water for them to remain in a healthy state.
  • They excrete ions such as sodium and chloride at a minimal rate because a high amount of water must be retained inside them.
• FRESH VERTEBRATES

  • The body of freshwater vertebrates is hypertonic, as compared to their environment.
  • The kidneys, which deal with water uptake, allow large amounts of ions such as sodium and chloride to go out of their bloodstream.
  • However, these organisms need to reabsorb some important ions via active transport
  • Examples of freshwater vertebrates: arowanas and carps.
• TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS

  • Body fluids are regulated by the excretory system . The excretory system removes the metabolic wastes and retains proper amounts of water, salts, and nutrients . Terrestrial animals, such as dogs and cats, have various ways of reducing water loss .

  • Some live in moist environments, develop impermeable covering, and even produce concentrated urine .